Pinotus problematicus Pinotus problematicus Dichotomius problematicus Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus var. problematicus Dichotomius problematicus var. planus Scarabaeinae dung beetles from Ecuador: a catalog, nomenclatural acts, and distribution records Chamorro, William Marin-Armijos, Diego senjo, Angelico Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z. ZooKeys 2019 826 1 343 35NCQ Luederwaldt, 1923 Luederwaldt 1923 Insecta Scarabaeidae Dichotomius CoL Animalia Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus Coleoptera 125 126 Arthropoda species problematicus Luederwaldtinia   Pinotus problematicusLuederwaldt, 1923: 7 (original description. Type locality: Franz Guiana [= French Guiana], Peru, Loja Sued-Ecuador, Piscobamba Sued-Ecuador, Guayaquil West-Ecuador).  Pinotus problematicus: Luederwaldt 1929: 66 (characters in key); Balthasar 1941: 349 (cited for Peru); Balthasar 1951: 335 (cited for Peru).  Dichotomius problematicus: Medina et al. 2001: 138 (cited for Colombia); Krajcik 2012: 92 (complete list of species);  Sarmiento-Garcesand Amat-Garcia2014: 111 (comment Table 2); Ratcliffe et al. 2015: 197 (cited for Peru).  Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus: Chamorro et al. 2018: 95 (cited for Ecuador).  Dichotomius (Luederwaldtinia) problematicus var. problematicus: Carvajal et al. 2011: 320-321 (cited for Ecuador).  Dichotomius problematicus var. planusLuederwaldt, 1923: 9 (original description); Luederwaldt 1929: 66 (characters in key); Carvajal et al. 2011: 320-321 (cited for Ecuador).  Type specimens.  Pinotus problematicusLuederwaldt, 1923. Twelve syntypes examined deposited at the MZUSP. Lectotype to be designated in a future work on this species group. Syntype (♂): "Loja / Oscordill. / Sabanilla / F. Ohs. 29. 9. 05 [p]", "Pinotus / problemat. Lued. / forma b. / Lued. det. 23 [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / inachus Er. / var. problemat. Lueder. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17543 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♂): "ECUADOR / Sigiro E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♂ / problemat. Lued. / forma a. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17532 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♂): "ECUADOR / Arenal E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♂ / problemat. Lued. / forma a. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17533 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "ECUADOR / Arenal E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lued.? / forma a. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17534 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "S. Ecuador / Piscobamba / M. Witt [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lued. / forma c. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "17535 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "S. Ecuador / Piscobamba / M. Witt [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat Lued/ forma c / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17536 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "ECUADOR / Sigiro E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lued. / forma a. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17537 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "Ecuador / Loja E. W [p]", "Kein Penis. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lued. / forma a. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / forma a. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17538 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "Ecuador / Loja E. W. [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lued. / forma c. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17539 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "S. Ecuador / Loja / F. Ohs. 8. 10. 05 [p]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lued. / forma c. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17540 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♂): "S. Ecuador / Piscobamba / M. Witt [p]", "Pinotus sp / nr inachus Har [hw]", "Pinotus ♂ / problemat. Lued. / forma c. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♂/ inachus Er. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "17541 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]". Syntype (♀): "Loja [illegible, p]", "Kein Penis! [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / problemat. Lued. / forma b. / Lued. det. 23. [hw]", "Pinotus ♀ / inachus var. pro- / blemat Lueder. / Lueder. det. 28. [hw]", "♀ [hw]", "17544 [p]", "COTIPO [p, pink label, black margin]".  Distribution. Ecuador and Peru.  Records examined. LOJA: Comunidades RioYangana, 1500 m (2 specimens MQCAZ); El Arenal (2 specimens MZUSP); Los Malacatos (1 specimen MQCAZ); Piscobamba (3 specimens MZUSP); San Pedro de Vilcabamba (1 specimen MQCAZ); Sabanilla [= El Tambo ZAMORA CHINCHIPE] (1 specimen MZUSP); Sigiro (2 specimens MZUSP); without specific locality (4 specimens MZUSP). MORONA SANTIAGO: Bosque Domoso (5 specimens CEMT; 2 specimens MQCAZ); road Mendez-Paute km 8 (1 specimen CEMT). NAPO: Rio Hollin, 1500 m (2 specimens MQCAZ). PASTAZA: road Triunfo-Arajuno (3 specimens CEMT; 4 specimens MQCAZ). SUCUMBIOS: Gonzalo Pizarro, SimonBolivar, 1200 m (3 specimens MECN). TUNGURAHUA: Banos, El Topo, 1590 m (56 specimens CEMT). ZAMORA CHINCHIPE: km 1 road Cumbaritza-Gualaquiza, 1100 m (12 specimens CEMT; 13 specimens MQCAZ); km 1 road Namirez-Zamora, 1000 m (8 specimens CEMT; 13 specimens MQCAZ); km 4 road Zumbi-Yantzaza (5 specimens CEMT; 7 specimens MQCAZ).  Literature records. GUAYAS: Guayaquil, west Ecuador ( Luederwaldt 1923: 7). LOJA: without specific locality, Sued-Ecuador ( Luederwaldt 1923: 7); Piscobamba, 2200 m ( Luederwaldt 1923: 7).  Temporal data. Collected in January, February, March, June, July, August, October, November, and December.  Remarks. Inhabits the foothill evergreen forests and lower evergreen montane forests in the Amazonian range from 1200-1590 a.s.l. In the Andean region, it was registered for the montane cloud forests from 1800-2200 m a.s.l. Collected with pitfall traps baited with human feces.  Luederwaldt (1923)cited the Franz Guyana [= French Guiana] and Guayaquil, west Ecuador (towards the Pacific coast) as the type localities for this species. It is possible that this species is also found in the Amazon foothill forests in southern Ecuador and northern Peru.