Eucharis rapo Walker, 1839: 66 Orasema rapo Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae) Burks, Roger A. Heraty, John M. Dominguez, Chrysalyn Mottern, Jason L. Zootaxa 2018 2018-03-26 4401 1 1 107 74RCK (Walker) Walker Walker 1839 [151,442,1113,1140] Insecta Eucharitidae Orasema GBIF Animalia Hymenoptera 80 81 Arthropoda species rapo     Eucharis rapoWalker, 1839: 66. Typematerial: Brazil: Bahia( 1 ♀, BMNH typeno. 5.609), lectotypedesignated by Heraty, 2002.   Orasema rapo. Kirby, 1886. Change of combination.   Diagnosis.Mesoscutal midlobe almost entirely reticulate, except for a small areolate-reticulate area posteriorly. Mesoscutellar disc with a coarsely areolate area posteromedially, which lacks reticulate sculpture. Axillula with subparallel longitudinal carinae. Fore femur with brown coloration.   Orasema rapois similar to many other species, and is differentiated from many in having longitudinal axillular carinae that do not co-occur with reticulate sculpture ( Fig. 193). It differs from  O. evansi, and other similar species, in having an areolate mesoscutellum ( Figs 190–192).   Description. Female.Length 1.7–3.3 mm.  Color:Head and mesosoma green to blue, with yellowish to purplish luster. Pedicel pale brown or brown; anellus pale brown or brown; flagellum brown. Coxae brown; fore femur mostly brown, tips pale; mid and hind femora yellow. Fore wing hyaline; venation brown. Petiole dark green; gaster brown with green to purple luster.  Head:Head width:head height 1.1–1.2; face reticulate; longitudinal groove between eye and torulus present or absent; eyes bare, inter-ocular distance:eye height 1.4–1.5; malar space:eye height 0.6–0.8; supraclypeal area slightly broader than long, smooth to weakly sculptured; clypeus smooth to weakly sculptured. Flagellum length:head height 1.2–1.6; F2 1.8–3.1× as long as broad, 0.9–1.3× as long as F3; following funiculars progressively shorter.  Mesosoma:Mesosoma length:height 1.3–1.4. Mesoscutal midlobe reticulate anteriorly, becoming areolatereticulate posteriorly, with minute setae; lateral lobe reticulate to weakly areolate-reticulate. Axilla areolatereticulate with longitudinal carinae; mesoscutellar disc mostly areolate-reticulate, becoming coarsely areolate posteriorly; frenal line regularly or irregularly foveate; frenum areolate or reticulate; axillular groove anteriorly narrow, broad and foveate posteriorly; axillula with subparallel longitudinal carinae. Propodeum with irregular median carina; propodeal disc areolate-reticulate; callus reticulate, with a few small setae. Mesepisternum reticulate to areolate-reticulate laterally, smooth ventrally, broadly rounded anterior to mid coxa. Upper mesepimeron smooth to weakly sculptured; lower mesepimeron reticulate; transepimeral sulcus distinct. Metepisternum smooth dorsally, reticulate to areolate-reticulate ventrally. Hind coxa 1.6–2.3× as long as broad; hind femur 5.0–6.0× as long as broad. Fore wing 2.3–2.7× as long as broad, 2.4–2.9× as long as mesothorax; stigma with 4 sensilla in a row or separated into pairs. Hind wing costal cell with a broad bare area.   FIGURES 187–192.  Orasema rapo. ♀: 187.Habitus. 188Head. 189.Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 190.Argentina form, Mesosoma, dorsal view. 191.Trinidad form, mesosoma, dorsal view. 192.Ecuador form, mesosoma, dorsal view.   FIGURES 193–198.  Orasema rapo. ♀: 193.Axillula. 194.Stigma and postmarginal vein. 195.Propodeum. 196.Petiole. ♂: 197.Antenna, with F2 and F6–F7 inset. 198.Petiole, hind coxa.  Metasoma:Petiole 1.8–2.5× as long as broad, 0.8–1.0× as long as hind coxa, rugose to areolate-reticulate, anterior carina weak. Antecostal sulcus irregularly sculptured; acrosternite posteriorly angulate.  Male.Length 2.2–3.2 mm. Head width:head height 1.1–1.2; scape yellow; flagellum length:head height 1.8, F2 2.4–2.6× as long as broad. Fore femur with brownish area, mid and hind femora, and all tibiae yellow. Petiole 5.8–5.9× as long as broad, petiole length:hind coxa length 1.6–1.9.   Discussion.Our current concept of  O. rapois that it is a relatively variable, widely distributed species. Smallbodied forms vary considerably in mesosomal sculpture and flagellomere dimensions, closely approaching  O. costaricensis, O. evansi,and  O. minutissimaespecially. Populations in the Galapagos Islandsare tentatively assigned to this species pending new data. Populations in Trinidadare morphogically the nearest to the Brazilian lectotype. Bolivian populations are tentatively included here, despite apparent molecular differences, because Sanger results disagree with Anchored Enrichment on whether they belong in  O. rapo, and also because it would be very difficult to identify these populations morphologically.  Orasema cozamalotlis very similar to  O. rapo, but is recognized as distinct because of its more consistent size, coloration, and sculpture.   Distribution. Argentina( Misiones), Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador,  Paraguay, Trinidad, Venezuela.     Materialexamined. Lectotype: BRAZIL:   Bahia[ ♀, BMNH typeno. 5.609], designated by Heraty, 2002. Additional material examined: ARGENTINA:  Misiones: Iguazu Nat. Park, hosteria Hoppe,  140m,  10– 11.iv.1974, C. R. Vardy, malaise trap[ 2 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00309881–82]. Parc Nac. Iguazu Cantera,  200m,  24°40'58"S,  54°27'26"W,  8.xii.1990– 6.i.1991, S. & J. Peck[ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRdb00425827]. RN 12, N of Puerto Bosseti,  221m, 25°48'20"S, 54°32'19"W,  25.iii.2007, J. &J. Heraty& J. Torréns, Aurac.for. [ 2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00169642, UCRCENT00439112]. Rt17 E of 9 de Julio  212m, 26°24'02"S, 54°27'54"W,  26.iii.2007, J. &J. Heratyand J. Torréns, roadside [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00091514(D2681)]. Rt17, E of 9 de Julio,  212m, 26°24'02"S, 54°27'54"W,  26.iii.2007, J. &J. Heraty& J. Torréns, roadside [ 2 ♀, IFML: UCRCENT00439111; UCRC: UCRCENT00169643]. Rt18, E of 9 de Julio,  485m, 26°23'56"S, 54°14'05"W,  26.iii.2007, J. &J. Heraty& J. Torréns, humid forest [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00161611(D2515)]. Rt19, W of Wanda,  306m, 25°58'18"S, 54°23'54"W,  25.iii.2007, J. & J. Heraty& J. Torréns, roadside [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00439114].    Santiagodel Estero:R.A.  Santiago, Dique Rio Hondo,  27°35'01"S,  65°57'09"W,  24.ii.1995, P. Fidalgo[ IFML: UCRCENT00439068–81; MACN: UCRCENT00483471, UCRCENT00483472, UCRCENT00483475–81].   BOLIVIA:  Santa Cruz: General Saavedra,  270m,  17°15'00"S,  63°10'00"W,  4–30.v.1993, J.C. Monje, under natural vegetation, yellow pan trap[ 1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00320849(D3945)].   BRAZIL: Passe des Indies,  i.1937, Fritz Plaumann[ 1 ♀, BMNH: UCRCENT00313926].    Amazonas: ReservaZF2 off BR174 ~  50 kmN of Manaus, 2°38'00"S, 60°09'00"W,  30.vii.1997, J. M. Heraty[ 2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00169595–96]. ReservaZF2 off BR174 ~ 50kmN of Manaus, 2°28'00"S, 60°09'00"W,  29.vii.1997, J.  Heraty, screen sweep [ 4 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00091325–26, UCRCENT00092149(D0181), UCRCENT00092245].   Parana: Imbituva, 25°13'33"S, 50°36'02"W,  12.i.1969, C.  W. & L.B. O’Brien, Araucaria forest[ 1 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT00417428].   Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia:  300–500m,  27°00'11"S, 52°00'23"W,  2.ii.1938, ii.1938, 20.iv.1938, 29.xii.1938, i– ii.1939, 13.i.1939, 16.i.1939, 26.i.1939, 11.i.1939, 13.i.1939, Fritz Plaumann, B.M. [2 ♀ 18♂, BMNH: UCRCENT00239574, UCRCENT00239586, UCRCENT00239594, UCRCENT00239599, UCRCENT00239606, UCRCENT00309304–06, UCRCENT00309310, UCRCENT00309314, UCRCENT00309316, UCRCENT00309338, UCRCENT00309858, UCRCENT00309983, UCRCENT00309923, UCRCENT00309925, UCRCENT00309947, UCRCENT00309953, UCRCENT00309961; CNC: UCRCENT00247564].   ECUADOR:  Galapagos: Isla FernandinaW. side,  1100m,  0°23'26"S,  91°30'34"W,  5.ii.1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro[ 1 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT00240680]. Santa Cruz, E. slope,  160m,  0°41'38"S,  90°20'56"W,  16.iv.1964, D.Q. Cavagnaro [2 ♀, CASC: UCRCENT00240681–82].   Isla Santa Cruz,  610m,  0°24'44"S,  91°28'53"W,  1–28.ii.1989, Peck& Sinclair, Los Gemelos Scalesia Forest, flight intercept trap[ 3 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252334–36].  Santa Cruz, 4kmN Bellavista,  620m,  0°39'31"S,  90°19'28"W,  14.v–13.vii.1985, S. & J. Peck, Miconiazone [ 2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00247603, UCRCENT00247608].  Los Gemelos,  600m,  0°37'35"S,  90°23'00"W,  1–30.iii.1989, Peck & Sinclair, pamaps, sweeping [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00400707].  Santa Cruz, 3 km Bellavista,  115m,  0°32'00"S,  90°21'00"W,  1–30.iii.1989, Peck & Sinclair, malaise trap[ 2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00252345–46].  Santa Cruz, 3 KmS Bellavista,  115m,  0°43'20"S,  90°19'34"W,  1.iii.1989, Peck & Sinclair, transition forest [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00412528].  Santa Cruz, Media Lunato Puntudo,  600–700m,  0°38'01"S,  90°20'19"W,  iv.1989, S.  Peck, pampas, sweeping [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00400705].   Napo: Misahualli,  500m,  1°01'57"N,  77°40'13"W,  25.v.1987, L. D. Coote, roadside [ 5 ♀, ROME: UCRCENT00252251, UCRCENT00252253, UCRCENT00252255, UCRCENT00252262, UCRCENT00252265]. Puerto Misahualli,  350m,  1°01'54"S, 77°39'60"W,  iii.1983, M.  Sharkey[ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00237569].   Orellana: Res. Ethnica Waorani, 1 kmS. Omkone Gare Camp, Trans. Ent.,  216.3m, 0°39'25.7"S, 76°27'10.8"W,  7.x.1995, T. L. Erwin, et al., terre firme forest, fogging [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00091463].   PARAGUAY: Pastorer,  92m,  23°28'24"S,  58°18'08"W,  3–7.i.1972, L.E. Pena [15♂ 2 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00240915–27, UCRCENT00240930–33].    PERU: Monson Valley, Tingo Maria,  9°17'43"S,  75°59'51"W,  29.xi.1954[ 1 ♀, FSCA: UCRCENT00240679].    Huánuco: Tingo Maria,  620m,  9°17'43"S,  75°59'51"W,  5–12.x.1964, C.C. Porter[ 1 ♀, MCZ: UCRCENT00242310].   TRINIDAD: Arima: Simla Research Station, trail down the road to old water tanks,  250m, 10°41'34"N, 61°17'23"W,  21–28.vii.2013, C. Weirauch, malaise trap, TR13 L88 MT6 [ 1 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00479291(D4231)].  Mt. St. Benedict Trail,  330m, 10°40'01"N, 61°24'02"W,  19.vii.2013, Heraty&Baker, swp, H13-066 [ 2 ♀, UCRC: UCRCENT00412126(D3808), UCRC: UCRCENT00412128(D3811)].    St. George: Arena Reserve,  65m,  10°33'41"N,  61°14'01"W,  31.vii.1976, J. S. Noyes, rainforest [ BMNH: UCRCENT00309436]. St. Augustine,  10°38'19"N,  61°23'46"W,  18.vi.1976, J. S. Noyes, wasteground [ BMNH: UCRCENT00300438].  VENEZUELA:  Aragua: Parque Nat.H. Pittier, Rancho Grandeenv,  1100m, 10°20'57"N, 67°41'04"W,  10–14.iv.1994, L.  Masner[ 1 ♀, CNC: UCRCENT00425828].   Zulia: Dtto Maracaido Jardin Botanico, 10°35'18"N, 71°42'48"W,  ii.1982, E.  Rubio& E. Inciarte[ 1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00248032]. Jardin Botanico de Maracaibo, 10°35'18"N, 71°42'48"W,  iv.1982, E. Rubio & E. Borrego, malaise trap[1 ♀, USNM: UCRCENT00248034]. 1836407406 BMNH Brazil Bahia 80 81 1 1 Bahia lectotype 1836407413 1974-04-10 1974-04-11 1974-04-10 BMNH Brazil Material 140 Iguazu Nat. Park Bahia 83 84 1 1 Bahia lectotype 1836407421 1990-12-08 BMNH Brazil 200 -24.682777 Parc Nac. Iguazu Cantera 21 -54.457222 Vardy 83 84 UCRCENT00309881-82 2 2 Bahia lectotype 1836407428 2007-03-25 UCRC Brazil 221 -25.805555 Puerto Bosseti 21 -54.538612 Peck 83 84 1 1 Bahia lectotype 1836407410 2007-03-26 UCRC Brazil Heraty 212 -26.400555 Aurac. 20 -54.465 Torrens 83 84 UCRCENT00169642, UCRCENT00439112 2 2 Bahia lectotype 1836407420 2007-03-26 UCRC Brazil Heraty 212 -26.400555 Rt 20 -54.465 Torrens 83 84 UCRCENT00091514 1 1 Bahia lectotype 1836407435 2007-03-26 IFML, UCRC Brazil Heraty 485 -26.39889 Rt 20 -54.234722 Torrens 83 84 UCRCENT00439111, UCRCENT00169643 2 2 Bahia lectotype 1836407448 2007-03-25 UCRC Brazil Heraty 306 -25.971666 Rt 20 -54.398335 Torrens 83 84 UCRCENT00161611 1 1 Bahia lectotype 1836407388 UCRC J. Heraty & J. Torrens Brazil Santiago del Estero 83 84 UCRCENT00439114 1 1 Santiago del Estero lectotype 1836407433 1995-02-24 IFML, MACN P. Fidalgo Brazil -27.583612 Rio Hondo 20 -65.9525 83 84 UCRCENT00439068-81, UCRCENT00483471, UCRCENT00483472, UCRCENT00483475-81 1 Santiago lectotype 1836407389 1993-05-04 1993-05-30 1993-05-04 CNC J. C. Monje Bolivia 270 -17.25 General Saavedra 21 -63.166668 83 84 UCRCENT00320849 1 1 Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407411 1937-01 BMNH Fritz Plaumann Brazil Passe des Indies 83 84 UCRCENT00313926 1 1 lectotype 1836407464 1997-07-30 Brazil -2.6333332 Reserva 21 -60.15 83 84 1 Amazonas lectotype 1836407474 1997-07-29 UCRC Brazil Heraty -2.4666667 Manaus 21 -60.15 Reserva 83 84 UCRCENT00169595-96 2 2 BR lectotype 1836407424 1969-01-12 UCRC Brazil -25.225834 Imbituva 21 -50.600555 Heraty 83 84 UCRCENT00091325-26, UCRCENT00092149, UCRCENT00092245 4 4 Parana lectotype 1836407429 1938-02-02 CASC W. & L. B. O'Brien Brazil 400 -27.003056 Nova Teutonia 20 -52.00639 Araucaria forest 83 84 UCRCENT00417428 1 1 Santa Catarina lectotype 1836407453 1964-02-05 Ecuador 1100 -0.39055556 Isla Fernandina 21 -91.509445 83 84 1 Galapagos lectotype 1836407399 1964-04-16 CASC Ecuador 160 -0.6938889 Cavagnaro 21 -90.34889 83 84 UCRCENT00240680 1 1 Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407450 1989-02-01 1989-02-28 1989-02-01 UCRC Peck & Sinclair Iceland 610 -0.41222224 Los Gemelos Scalesia Forest 21 -91.48139 83 84 UCRCENT00252334-36 3 3 Isla Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407455 1985-05-14 1985-07-13 1985-05-14 CNC S. & J. Peck & Miconia Iceland 620 -0.65861106 Bellavista 21 -90.32444 83 84 UCRCENT00247603, UCRCENT00247608 2 2 Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407431 1989-03-01 1989-03-30 1989-03-01 UCRC Iceland 600 -0.6263889 Los Gemelos 21 -90.38333 83 84 UCRCENT00400707 1 1 Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407457 1989-03-01 1989-03-30 1989-03-01 UCRC Iceland 115 -0.53333336 Bellavista 21 -90.35 83 84 UCRCENT00252345-46 2 2 Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407446 1989-03-01 UCRC Iceland 115 -0.7222222 Bellavista 21 -90.32611 Km 83 84 UCRCENT00412528 1 1 Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407400 [417,1362,1591,1616] 1989-04 Iceland 650 -0.6336111 Puntudo 21 -90.338615 Media Luna 83 84 1 Santa Cruz lectotype 1836407482 1987-05-25 UCRC Iceland 500 1.0325 Misahualli 21 -77.67027 Peck 83 84 UCRCENT00400705 1 1 Napo lectotype 1836407436 1983-03 ROME Iceland 350 -1.0316666 Puerto Misahualli Coote 83 84 UCRCENT00252251, UCRCENT00252253, UCRCENT00252255, UCRCENT00252262, UCRCENT00252265 5 5 Napo lectotype 1836407472 1995-10-07 UCRC Iceland Sharkey 216 -0.6571389 Omkone Gare Camp 1 -76.452995 Res. Ethnica Waorani 83 84 UCRCENT00237569 1 1 Orellana lectotype 1836407379 1972-01-03 1972-01-07 1972-01-03 UCRC Paraguay 92 -23.473333 Pastorer 21 -58.302223 Erwin 83 84 UCRCENT00091463 1 1 PARAGUAY lectotype 1836407449 1954-11-29 PERU, FSCA Peru -9.295279 Tingo Maria 21 -75.9975 Monson Valley 83 84 UCRCENT00240679 1 1 lectotype 1836407394 1964-10-05 1964-10-12 1964-10-05 MCZ C. C. Porter Peru 620 -9.295279 Tingo Maria 21 -75.9975 83 84 UCRCENT00242310 1 1 Huanuco lectotype 1836407465 2013-07-21 2013-07-28 2013-07-21 UCRC C. Weirauch Trinidad and Tobago 250 10.692778 Simla Research Station 21 -61.289722 83 84 UCRCENT00479291 1 1 Arima lectotype 1836407496 2013-07-19 UCRC Trinidad and Tobago 330 84 85 10.6669445 Mt. St. Benedict Trail 21 -61.40056 83 84 UCRCENT00412126, UCRCENT00412128 2 2 Arima lectotype 1836407452 1976-07-31 Trinidad and Tobago 65 10.561389 Arena Reserve 21 -61.233612 St. George 84 85 1 Arima lectotype 1836407438 [169,1410,223,248] 1976-06-18 BMNH Trinidad and Tobago 10.638611 St. Augustine 21 -61.396114 Noyes 84 85 UCRCENT00309436 1 Arima lectotype 1836407451 1994-04-10 1994-04-14 1994-04-10 BMNH Venezuela Noyes 1100 10.349166 Pittier 21 -67.68445 Parque Nat. 84 85 UCRCENT00300438 1 Aragua lectotype 1836407427 1982-02 CNC Venezuela 10.588333 Dtto Maracaido Jardin Botanico 21 -71.71333 Masner 84 85 UCRCENT00425828 1 1 Zulia lectotype 1836407444 1982-04 USNM Venezuela Rubio 10.588333 Jardin Botanico de Maracaibo 21 -71.71333 Inciarte 84 85 UCRCENT00248032 1 1 Zulia lectotype