Scyphoproctus Gravier, 1904 (Annelida, Capitellidae): description of three new species and relocation of Heteromastides Augener, 1914 in Scyphoproctus Silva, Camila Fernanda Da Amaral, Antonia Cecilia Zacagnini Zootaxa 2019 2019-02-22 4560 1 95 120 4W5LR Silva & Amaral, 2019 Silva & Amaral 2019 [151,409,1647,1673] Polychaeta Capitellidae Scyphoproctus GBIF Animalia Capitellida 9 104 Annelida species paivai sp. nov.  ( Figures 5̄7)   Type series.  Holotype( ZUEC POL20591): state of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Araçá Bay( 23°48'S, 45°24'W): coll.  15 Feb 2013; rocky shore; intertidal; 1 spec.  Paratypes: state of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Araçá Bay( 23°48'S, 45°24'W): paratypes1 and 2 ( ZUEC POL20571): coll.  19 Mar 2015; rocky shore; intertidal; 2 specs.  Paratypes3–11 ( ZUEC POL20574): coll.  16 May 2014; rocky shore; intertidal; 9 specs.  Paratype12 ( ZUEC POL20575): coll.  10 Nov 2013; rocky shore; intertidal; 1 spec.  Paratype13 ( ZUEC POL20577): coll.  29 Oct 2011; soft-bottom; intertidal; Stn. 20(2)A; 1 spec.  Stateof São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Francisco Beach( 23°44'54"S, 45°24'34"W): paratype14 ( ZUEC POL20580): coll.  23 Jun 2013; sandy beach; Stn. 45; 1 spec.  Paratypes15–17 ( ZUEC POL20581): coll.  23 Jun 2013; sandy beach; Stn. 72; 3 specs. Paratypes18 and 19 (ZUEC POL 20582): coll. 23 Jun 2013; sandy beach; Stn. 48; 2 specs. Paratypes20–25 (ZUEC POL 20583): coll. 11 Apr 2013; sandy beach; Stn. 20P; 6 specs. Paratype26 (ZUEC POL 20590): coll. 0 4 Oct 1995; sandy beach; 1 spec. State of Paraíba, Cabo Branco Beach( 7°08'S, 34°47'W): paratypes27–29 (ZUEC POL 20587): coll. 0 1 Feb 2010; in rhodoliths; intertidal; 3 specs.  Additional material examined. State of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Araçá  Bay( 23°48'S, 45°24'W). (ZUEC POL 20572): coll.  15 Feb 2013; rocky shore; intertidal; 5 specs. (ZUEC POL 20573): coll.  26 Sep 2011; softbottom; intertidal; Stn. 4(3)A; 1 spec. (ZUEC POL 20576): coll.  23 Feb 2013; soft-bottom; intertidal; Stn. 152(1)G; 1 spec. (ZUEC POL 20578): coll.  12 Oct 2012; soft-bottom; intertidal; Stn. 3(2)Pr; 1 spec. (ZUEC POL 20579): coll. 0  8 Feb 2012; soft-bottom; intertidal; Stn. 66(2)Pr; 1 spec. State of  São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Francisco Beach( 23°44'54"S, 45°24'34"W). (ZUEC POL 20584): coll.  11 Apr 2013; sandy beach; intertidal; Stn. 5G; 2 specs. (ZUEC POL 20585): coll.  23 Jun 2013; sandy beach; intertidal; Stn. 43; 3 specs. State of  São Paulo, Caraguatatuba, Enseada Beach( 23°43'40"S, 45°25'10"W). (ZUEC POL 20586): coll.  12 Apr 2013; sandy beach; intertidal; Stn. 47P; 3 specs. State of  Paraíba, Cabo Branco Beach( 7°08'S, 34°47'W). (ZUEC POL 20588): coll. 0  8 Feb 2009; in rhodoliths; intertidal; 1 spec. State of  Paraíba, Jacumã Beach( 7°14'S, 34°47'W). (ZUEC POL 20589): coll.  29 Jan 2010; in rhodoliths; intertidal; 1 spec.  Comparative material.  Scyphoproctus edmondsoni Magalhães & Bailey-Brock, 2012, holotypeUSNM 1191161—Nuupia Pond, Hawai, 21°25'58.8'' N, 157°44′52.8″ W,  paratypesUSNM 1191162— Nuupia Pond, Hawai, 21°25'58.8'' N, 157°44'52.8'' W.   Description.Complete holotype 21 mmlong, 0.9 mm wide for 83 chaetigers. Complete specimens ranged from 2.5– 15 mm, long 0.3–1.1 mm wide and 24–79 chaetigers; incomplete specimens ranged from 0.3–2.2 mm wide. Body rounded; thorax wider than abdomen; abdomen slightly narrowing toward pygidium ( Fig. 5A). Whitish color in alcohol. Prostomium rectangular, 2xlonger than wide, rounded on anterior end ( Figs 5A; 6B̄C; 7A); nuchal organs not observed; eyespots as a pair of densely pigmented red areas forming inverted “U” ( Figs 5A; 6C). Proboscis globular-shaped, with several robust papillae ( Fig. 6C). Peristomium longer than achaetous segment 1 ( Figs 5A; 6B; 7A). Complete inter-segmental groove between peristomium and achaetous segment ( Figs 5A; 7A). Thorax with 11 segments, including peristomium, one additional achaetous segment, and 9 chaetigers. Bilimbate capillaries in noto- and neuropodia of chaetigers 1–9. Thorax smooth with chaetigers 1 biannulate; shallow inter-segmental grooves between chaetigers. First chaetiger biramous. Parapodial lobes well-separated; notopodia inserted dorso-laterally and neuropodia laterally. Lateral organs present from the achaetous segment, more conspicuous on larger specimens. Transition between thorax and abdomen subtle, marked mainly by chaetal change ( Figs 5A; 6A; 7A). Abdominal chaetigers without capillaries. Abdominal notopodia and neuropodia with well-developed tori pads and well-separated, distance between tori remaining similar throughout abdomen ( Fig. 6F). First abdominal notopodium with 9 hooks; first abdominal neuropodium with 11 hooks; number of hooks in both rami increases on next two to three chaetigers and afterwards reduces toward posterior end. Notopodial hooks (seen with SEM) with round and large main fang, right angle with shaft, surmounted by more than 20 teeth arranged in 4–5 rows (3–4 basally, intercalated among all teeth of tori ( Fig. 7C̄D); remaining teeth smaller and with diversified arrangement); thick hood with smooth margin ( Fig. 7C̄D). Neuropodial hooks (with SEM) with pointed and large main fang, right angle with shaft, surmounted by 15–16 teeth arranged in three rows (3–4 basally, intercalated among the teeth of the tori; 5–6 median; 6–7 apically); thin hood with fringed margin (uneven and pointed fringes) ( Fig. 7E). Four pre-pygidial segments with neuropodial hooks and notopodial spines (3,3,3,2, each side). Anal plaque poorly developed, “w”-shaped, with one set of protruding spines (1 spine on each side). Large anal aperture between anal cirri; two short and broadly rounded cirri without membrane ( Figs 5B–C; 6D; 7B).  Variation. Paratypeswith 11–12 segments, including the peristomium, one additional achaetous segment, and 9–10 chaetigers. Number of hooks of the first abdominal lobe size dependent, notopodium ranging from 2 to 40 and neuropodium from 5 to 43 hooks.  Methyl green staining pattern.Chaetigers 1 and 2 with two longitudinal bands of large dark speckles on anterior and posterior parts of the segments, spaced equally from each other; chaetigers 6–9 staining with small dark speckles, number of speckles increasing toward chaetiger nine; first two abdominal chaetigers staining darkly around the noto- and neuropodial tori and leaving the glandular pad unstained ( Fig. 6E).   Remarks.  Scyphoproctus paivai  sp. nov.belongs to a group of species with a poorly developed anal plaque, which includes  S. armatusand  S. edmondsoni.  Scyphoproctus armatusdiffers from  Scyphoproctus paivai  sp. nov.by the number of thoracic chaetigers, number of pre-pygidial segments with acicular spines, and shape of anal cirri.  Scyphoproctus armatushas nine thoracic chaetigers and  Scyphoproctus paivai  sp. nov.has 9–10. The number of pre-pygidial segments with acicular spines in  S. armatusis 8–11 and in  Scyphoproctus paivai  sp. nov.is four. Anal cirri are digitate in  S. armatusand “w”-shaped in  Scyphoproctus paivai  sp. nov.   Scyphoproctus edmondsonialso has 9–10 thoracic chaetigers, abdominal noto- and neuropodia with wellseparated glandular tori pads, and inflated anal cirri, but it differs from  Scyphoproctus paivai  sp. nov.by the number of pre-pygidial segments with acicular spines (only one) and by the hooded hooks (number and arrangement of teeth and shape and thickness of the hood). Hooded hooks in  Scyphoproctus paivai  sp. nov.are different between noto- and neuropodia. Notopodial hooks have more than 20 teeth arranged in 4–5 rows and thick hoods with smooth margins; neuropodial hooks have 15–16 teeth arranged in three rows and thin hoods with a fringed margin (uneven and pointed fringes). On the other hand, hooded hooks of  S. edmondsoniare similar between noto- and neuropodia, with several teeth arranged in 3–4 rows, and with a thick and smooth hood.   Etymology.This species is named after the Prof. Paulo de Cesar Paiva from the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, an expert in benthic ecology, marine phylogeography, and polychaete systematics; an exceptional teacher; and specially a great friend.  Habitat.From intertidal to shallow subtidal regions ( 0–0,5m), in soft-bottom, rhodoliths and rocky shore.     Typelocality. Araçá Bay, São Paulo, Brazil, 23°48'S, 45°24'W( South Atlantic Ocean).   Distribution.South Atlantic Ocean: Brazil(states of Paraíbaand São Paulo). 2234214457 2013-02-15 ZUEC, POL -23.8 Araca 1254 -45.4 Sao Sebastiao 9 104 1 Sao Paulo holotype 2234214442 2015-03-19 ZUEC, POL -23.8 Araca 1254 -45.4 Sao Sebastiao 9 104 2 Sao Paulo paratype 2234214448 [151,1142,1862,1887] 2014-05-16 ZUEC, POL 9 104 1 Sao Paulo paratype 2234214429 2013-11-10 ZUEC, POL 9 104 1 Sao Paulo paratype 2234214446 2011-10-29 2013-06-23 2011-10-29 ZUEC, POL State -23.748333 Sao Francisco Beach 21 -45.409447 Sao Sebastiao 9 104 2 Sao Paulo paratype 2234214440 [151,1183,2006,2031] 2013-06-23 ZUEC, POL 9 104 1 Sao Paulo paratype 2234214428 [1065,1112,295,320] 2011-09-26 2013-02-23 2011-09-26 ZUEC, POL -23.8 Bay 1254 -45.4 10 105 1 Bay 2234214459 2013-04-11 2013-06-23 2013-04-11 ZUEC, POL -23.748333 Sao Francisco Beach 21 -45.409447 Sao Sebastiao 10 105 1 Sao Paulo 2234214447 2013-04-12 ZUEC, POL -23.727777 Enseada Beach 21 -45.419445 Caraguatatuba 10 105 1 Sao Paulo 2234214453 [687,1048,583,608] 2009-02-08 ZUEC, POL -7.133333 Cabo Branco Beach 1303 -34.783333 10 105 1 Paraiba 2234214449 [928,1213,620,645] 2010-01-29 ZUEC, POL -7.233333 Jacuma Beach 1303 -34.783333 10 105 1 Paraiba 2234214435 21.432999 Nuupia Pond 1 -157.748 10 105 1 Hawaii paratype 2234214456 [199,1175,1882,1907] Brazil -23.8 Araca Bay 1254 -45.4 South Atlantic Ocean 12 107 1 Sao Paulo holotype