Balthasar, 1939: 127 Martínez 1947: 111 Martínez & Halffter 1986: 27 Cupello 2018: 469 Vulcano & Pereira 1964: 592 Taxonomic revision of the Canthidium Erichson, 1847 species of the gigas group (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) Carvalho De Santana, Edrielly C. Pacheco, Thaynara L. Vaz-De, Fernando Z. European Journal of Taxonomy 2019 2019-06-06 530 1 24  Cupello 2018: 469  QNC8 Balthasar, 1939 Balthasar 1939 [483,1104,1047,1075] Insecta Scarabaeidae Canthidium Animalia Coleoptera 14 15 Arthropoda species gigas Neocanthidium   Figs 1.A, C, 2, 10     Canthidium gigas  Balthasar, 1939: 127, 128 (original description)    Canthidium gigas–  Martínez 1947: 111(checklist).    Canthidium( Canthidium) gigas–  Martínez & Halffter 1986: 27(checklist).    Canthidium( Neocanthidium) gigas–  Cupello 2018: 469(new subgeneric assignment).    Neocanthidium gigas–  Vulcano & Pereira 1964: 592(identification key).    Type material    Holotype BRAZIL•  ♀; handwritten label; “Cayenne”; “Coll C Felsche/ Kauf 20, 1918”; “  C. gigas/ sp. m./ Dr. V. Balthasardet.”; “  gigas/ m.”; “TYPUS”; “HOLOTYPE  ♀”; NMPC.   Other specimens examined   BRAZIL• 1 ♀; Espírito Santo, Domingos Martins, Parque Estadual [“P.E.”] Pedra Azul; 20°23 ′19.93 ″S, 41°0 ′55.49 ″W;  Jan. 2000; Lopes-Andradeand F. Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; Venda Nova do Imigrante; 20°19 ′39.02 ″S, 41°8 ′9.36 ″W;  Feb. 1998; Falquetoand Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia[“Itatiaya”]; 22°29 ′29 ″S, 44°33 ′33 ″W;  12 Dec. 1933; J.F. Zikánleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; Nova Friburgo; 22°16 ′55 ″S, 42°31 ′5 ″W;  Dec. 1995; P. Grossiand E. Grossileg.; CEMT•  2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Nova Friburgo;  Nov. 2001; E. Grossileg.; AMBC•  1 ♀; Nova Friburgo, Macaé de Cima; 22°24 ′8.45 ″S, 42°30 ′48.39 ″W;  Jan. 1999; P. Grossileg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; same locality as for preceding;  Mar. 2000; Vazde-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; same locality as for preceding;  Dec. 2001; E. and P. Grossileg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; same locality as for preceding;  Jan. 2000; Grossileg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; same data as for preceding; BMNH•  1 ♂; Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado;  Dec. 1959; M. Alvarengaleg.; MZSP•  1 ♀; São Paulo, São Luiz do Paraitinga, Parque Estadual da [“Pq. Est.”] Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia;  Nov. 2004; M. Ueharaleg.; AMBC•  1 ♀; Minas Gerais, Ingaí, Reserva do Boqueirão, UNILAVRAS, gallery forest; flight interception trap[“FIT”]; 21°31 ′08.05 ″S, 44°55 ′39.81 ″E;  13 Nov. 2002; Silvaand Frieiro-Costaleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀, 1 ♂; Viçosa, FIT; 20°45 ′17.52 ″S, 42°52 ′42.88 ″W;  Nov. 1999; Andradeand Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; same data as for preceding; BMNH•  1 ♀; same locality as for preceding;  Jan. 1999; Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  3 ♀♀, 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding;  Nov. 1998; Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; FIT; 20°45 ′51.99 ″S, 42°52 ′5.68 ″W;  Mar. 1998; Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 20°45 ′S, 42°51 ′W;  Nov. 2000; F.Z. Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; Mata do Paraíso;  Dec. 2000; Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; same locality as preceding;  Dec. 1998; Falquetoand Vaz-de-Melloleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; same locality as preceding;  Dec. 1999, Vaz-de-Mello CEMT•  1 ♀; same locality as for preceding, FIT;  13 Feb. 2015; S. Aloquio, A. Orsetti, C. Lopes-Andradeand M. Bentoleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; Berizal, fazenda [‘Faz”] Veredão; 15°39 ′18 ″S, 41°39 ′16 ″W,  13–18 Dec. 2012; P. Grossileg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; Distrito Federal, Brasília, FAL-UNB [“Faz Água Limpa”], gallery forest; FIT; 15°56 ′25.1 ″S, 47°56 ′22.2 ″W;  4 Dec. 2013; T. Bernardesleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; PNB, gallery forest, FIT; 14°44 ′49,5 ″S, 48°00 ′32,3 ″W;  11 Nov. 2015; N.H.D.Silvaleg.; CEMT•  1 ♂; same locality as for preceding;  21 Dec. 2015; N.H.D. Silvaleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; same locality as for preceding;  27 Nov. 2015; N.H.D. Silvaleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; same locality as for preceding;  12 Jan. 2016; N.H.D.Silvaleg.; CEMT•  1 ♀; Paraná, Campina Grande do Sul, Estrada da mandaçaia; FIT; 25°17 ′54 ″S, 49°02 ′30 ″W;  7–10 Apr. 2014; F.W.T. Leivasleg.; CEMT.    Diagnosis   Canthidium gigasresembles  C. bokermanniin the presence of a transverse carina on the head and distinct punctation on the pronotal disc. They differ only in the dorsal curvature of the parameres. In  C. gigas, in dorsal view, the parameres have a strong angulation on their apical half and bear a concave medial excavation from the middle to the apex; in lateral view, the parameres have a dorsal angulation of 120°. In  C. bokermanni, in dorsal view, the apical angulation is almost absent and there is a shallow medial excavation at the apex; in lateral view, the parameres have a dorsal internal angulation of 160°.    Type locality Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Originally said to be Cayenne, French Guiana, but this is an error. See geographic distribution below.    Redescription HEAD. Surface with dense and distinct punctation, particularly on clypeus. With a transverse raised projection in the front. PRONOTUM. Without anteromedial depression, disc anteriorly convex, sometimes with an anterior sinuosity forming two broad and shallow depressions (both surrounding the medial line). Surface with dense and distinct punctation, attenuating towards the centre of disc, where punctation is fine and sparse. HYPOMERON. With microstriae and setae in the basal part. Hypomeral carina complete curved throughout its length. METAVENTRITE. With simple and shallow punctation, laterobasal region with stronger punctation, lateral region with microsculpture obscurely variolate, almost semicircular.   Fig. 9.Geographical distribution of  Canthidium stofeli sp. nov.(circles) and  Canthidium feeri sp. nov.(triangles).. MESEPIMERON AND MESEPISTERNUM. With shallow punctation, stronger microsculpture obscurely variolate, almost semicircular. HIND LEG. Metafemora with a carina along posterior edge, anterior edge with setal fringe, surface with fine punctation. Metatibiae elongated and gradually dilated towards the apex presenting a sinuosity; external margin serrated. AEDEAGUS. In dorsal view, parameres with a strong angulation in apical half and with a concave excavation from the middle to the apex; in lateral view, with internal medial angulation of 120° dorsally.   Variations and sexual dimorphism Length ranging from 9.40 to 12.65 mm. Transverse projection of head sometimes not well defined. The males have a tooth in the upper ventral part, more developed in some specimens than in others. Males with ventrite VI wider medially, female ventrite VI of the same length throughout. Males also have protibial spur flattened, while in females the protibial spur is narrowed and pointed.   Geographical distribution The specimens examined were mostly collected in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Espírito Santo and Paraná in the Atlantic rainforest biome, located in the Paraná dominion. The record from Distrito Federal is surprising for the species. Judging from the rest of the known distribution, its presence there may be due to gallery forest connecting it to the Atlantic Forest on the coast. Although the holotypeis labelled as coming from French Guiana, we believe this represents a mislabelling, since no other specimens have been reported from that region. Furthermore, the German entomologist Carl Felsche (who acquired the specimen) was known for buying insects, and this kind of mislabelling has been seen before with his specimens (FZVM, personal observation). 5006659343 NMPC C Felsche Brazil Dr. V. Balthasar BRAZIL 14 15 2 2 holotype 5006659301 2000-01 CEMT Lopes-Andrade & F. Vaz-de-Mello Brazil Domingos Martins -20.38887 Parque Estadual [" P. E. "] Pedra Azul 1 -41.015415 Domingos Martins 14 15 1 1 Espirito Santo 5006659326 1998-02 CEMT Falqueto & Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.327507 Venda Nova do Imigrante 1 -41.135937 Venda Nova do Imigrante 14 15 1 1 5006659331 1933-12-12 CEMT J. F. Zikan Brazil -22.491388 Itatiaia 21 -44.559166 Itatiaia 14 15 1 1 Rio de Janeiro 5006659344 1995-12 CEMT P. Grossi & E. Grossi Brazil -22.281944 Nova Friburgo 21 -42.518055 Nova Friburgo 14 15 1 1 5006659322 2001-11 AMBC E. Grossi Brazil Nova Friburgo Nova Friburgo 14 15 3 2 1 5006659316 1999-01 CEMT P. Grossi Brazil -22.402348 Macae de Cima 1 -42.513443 Nova Friburgo 14 15 1 1 5006659305 2000-03 CEMT Vazde-Mello Brazil -22.402348 Macae de Cima 1 -42.513443 Nova Friburgo 14 15 1 1 5006659346 [476,1399,1856,1884] 2001-12 CEMT E. and P. Grossi Brazil -22.402348 Macae de Cima 1 -42.513443 Nova Friburgo 14 15 1 1 5006659358 [207,990,1891,1919] 2000-01 CEMT Grossi Brazil -22.402348 Macae de Cima 1 -42.513443 Nova Friburgo 14 15 1 1 5006659329 2000-01 BMNH Grossi Brazil -22.402348 Macae de Cima 1 -42.513443 Nova Friburgo 14 15 1 1 5006659328 [303,1135,1926,1955] 1959-12 MZSP M. Alvarenga Brazil Corcovado 14 15 1 1 Rio de Janeiro 5006659302 2004-11 AMBC M. Uehara Brazil Sao Luiz do Paraitinga Parque Estadual da [" Pq. Est. "] Serra do Mar, Nucleo Santa Virginia Sao Luiz do Paraitinga 14 15 1 1 Sao Paulo 5006659334 2002-11-13 flight interception trap CEMT Silva & Frieiro-Costa Brazil 15 16 -21.518902 Reserva do Boqueirao, UNILAVRAS 1 44.927727 Ingai 14 15 1 1 Minas Gerais 5006659335 1999-11 CEMT Andrade & Vaz-de- Mello Brazil -20.754868 Vicosa 1 -42.878574 Vicosa 15 16 2 1 1 5006659354 [430,903,334,363] 1999-11 BMNH Andrade & Mello Brazil -20.754868 Vicosa 1 -42.878574 Vicosa 15 16 1 1 5006659351 1999-01 CEMT Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.754868 Vicosa 1 -42.878574 Vicosa 15 16 1 1 5006659345 1998-11 CEMT Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.754868 Vicosa 1 -42.878574 Vicosa 15 16 4 3 1 5006659304 1998-03 CEMT Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.764442 Universidade Federal de Vicosa 1 -42.868244 Vicosa 15 16 1 1 5006659315 2000-11 CEMT F. Z. Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.75 Mata da Biologia 1266 -42.85 Vicosa 15 16 1 1 5006659311 2000-12 CEMT Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.75 Mata do Paraiso 1266 -42.85 Vicosa 15 16 2 2 5006659359 1998-12 CEMT Falqueto & Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.75 Mata do Paraiso 1266 -42.85 Vicosa 15 16 1 1 5006659336 [530,1316,545,574] 1999-12 CEMT Vaz-de-Mello Brazil -20.75 Mata do Paraiso 1266 -42.85 Vicosa 15 16 1 1 5006659347 2015-02-13 CEMT S. Aloquio & A. Orsetti & C. Lopes-Andrade & M. Bento Brazil -20.75 Mata do Paraiso 1266 -42.85 Vicosa 15 16 1 1 5006659333 2012-12-13 2012-12-18 2012-12-13 CEMT P. Grossi Brazil -15.655 fazenda [' Faz "] Veredao 21 -41.654446 Berizal 15 16 1 1 5006659350 2013-12-04 CEMT T. Bernardes Brazil -15.940306 FAL-UNB [" Faz Agua Limpa "] 1 -47.939503 Brasilia 15 16 1 1 Distrito Federal 5006659317 2015-11-11 CEMT N. H. D. Silva Brazil -14.747084 Brasilia 1 -48.008972 Distrito Federal 15 16 1 1 Distrito Federal 5006659321 [354,1254,757,786] 2015-12-21 CEMT N. H. D. Silva Brazil -14.747084 Brasilia 1 -48.008972 Distrito Federal 15 16 1 1 Distrito Federal 5006659348 2015-11-27 CEMT N. H. D. Silva Brazil -14.747084 Brasilia 1 -48.008972 Distrito Federal 15 16 1 1 Distrito Federal 5006659357 2016-01-12 CEMT N. H. D. Silva Brazil -14.747084 Brasilia 1 -48.008972 Distrito Federal 15 16 1 1 Distrito Federal 5006659355 2014-04-07 2014-04-10 2014-04-07 CEMT F. W. T. Leivas Brazil -25.298332 Campina Grande do Sul 21 -49.041668 Campina Grande do Sul 15 16 1 1 Parana