Perla bilobata Needham & Claassen (1925: 95) Perla bilobata : Claassen (1931: 54) Diploperla bilobata : Frison (1942: 302) bilobatus : Ricker (1952: 122) Remenus bilobatus : Illies (1966: 376) Remenus bilobatus : Hitchcock (1974: 214) Remenus bilobatus : Surdick & Kim (1976: 9) Remenus bilobatus : Lake (1980: 43) Remenus bilobatus : Tarter & Kirchner (1980: 49) Remenus bilobatus : Kondratieff & Voshell (1982: 761) Remenus bilobatus : Stewart & Stark (1984: 406) Remenus : Stewart & Stark (1988: 402) Remenus bilobatus : Kondratieff & Nelson (1995: 596) Remenus bilobatus : Grubbs (1997: 81) Remenus bilobatus : Stewart & Stark (2002: 437) Remenus bilobatus : Kondratieff (2004: 164) Remenus bilobatus : DeWalt & Heinold (2005: 40) Remenus bilobatus : DeWalt et al. (2007: 142) Remenus bilobatus : Parker et al. (2007: 171) Remenus bilobatus : Tarter & Nelson (2010: 162) Remenus bilobatus : Grubbs (2011: 29) Remenus bilobatus : Li & Murányi (2015: 47) Remenus bilobatus : Tarter et al. (2015: 170) Remenus bilobatus : Stark (2017: 236) Holomorphology And Systematics Of The Eastern Nearctic Stonefly Genus Remenus Ricker (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) Verdone, Chris J. Kondratieff, Boris C. Illiesia 2018 14 5 81 125 4RRBH (Needham & Claassen, 1925) Needham & Claassen 1925 [203,782,1008,1032] Insecta Perlodidae Remenus Animalia Plecoptera 12 93 Arthropoda species bilobatus  ( Figs. 3–18, 20–40) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org: TaxonName:608      Perla bilobata Needham & Claassen (1925: 95)    Holotype ♂: New York, Herkimer County, Old Forge(Cornell University Insect Collection). Figures: adult– fore- and hindwing, male stern 7–9, male terminalia (lateral), female subgenital plate.      Perla bilobata: Claassen (1931: 54). Figures: larva– labrum, mandibles, labium, maxilla, lacinia.     Diploperla bilobata: Frison (1942: 302). Figures: larva– habitus, female sterna, mandibles, labium, maxilla, lacinia.    Isogenus(Remenus)  bilobatus: Ricker (1952: 122)   Remenus bilobatus: Illies (1966: 376)     Remenus bilobatus: Hitchcock (1974: 214). Figures: larva–habitus, female sterna ( Frison 1942); adult–male terminalia (dorsal, lateral), female subgenital plate (incorrectly associated).     Remenus bilobatus: Surdick & Kim (1976: 9)     Remenus bilobatus: Lake (1980: 43)     Remenus bilobatus: Tarter & Kirchner (1980: 49)   Remenus bilobatus: Kondratieff & Voshell (1982: 761). Figures: adult–head and pronotum, male terminalia (dorsal), female subgenital plate.     Remenus bilobatus: Stewart & Stark (1984: 406). Figures: larva–head and pronotum, mandible, lacinia, foreleg, mesosternum, male and female sterna 7–10, cercus (basal, middle, apical).     Remenus: Stewart & Stark (1988: 402). Figures: larva– male habitus, and figures from Stewart & Stark (1984).   Remenus bilobatus: Kondratieff & Nelson (1995: 596). Figures: adult–male terminalia (dorsal, lateral), female subgenital plate, ova (dorsal, ventral).     Remenus bilobatus: Grubbs (1997: 81)     Remenus bilobatus: Stewart & Stark (2002: 437)Figures: larva–figures from Stewart & Stark (1984, 1988)   Remenus bilobatus: Kondratieff (2004: 164). Figures: adult–figures from Kondratieff & Nelson (1995)   Remenus bilobatus: DeWalt & Heinold (2005: 40)   Remenus bilobatus: DeWalt et al. (2007: 142)     Remenus bilobatus: Parker et al. (2007: 171)     Remenus bilobatus: Tarter & Nelson (2010: 162)   Remenus bilobatus: Grubbs (2011: 29)     Remenus bilobatus: Li & Murányi (2015: 47). Figures: adult–male epiproct, basal anchor.     Remenus bilobatus: Tarter et al. (2015: 170)     Remenus bilobatus: Stark (2017: 236). Figures: larva– cercus (basal, middle)    Material examined: Alabama, Cleburne Co.,small stream above lake, Cheaha State Park, [ N 33.47396, W 85.82077], 14 May 1988, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, 3♂, 3♀( CSUIC) .  Connecticut, Middlesex Co.,brooklet, Rte 148, Killingworth [No GPS], 18 June 1965, S.W. Hitchcock, 4♂( NMNH); nr. Madison, nr. Rte 80, [no GPS], 18 June 1965, S.W. Hitchcock, 1♂( NMNH) . Salem Co.,Fraser Brook, Salem, Four Corners, [ N 41.47291, W 72.26029], 15 June 1967, S. W. Hitchcock, 1♂( NMNH) . Tolland Co.,Storrs, [ N 41.80843, W 72.24952], 18 June 1954, J.A. Slater, 1♂, 1♀( NMNH) .  Maryland, Frederick Co.,Fishing Creek, Mountaindale, [ N 39.51949, W 77.45114], 1 July 1958, P. Freytag, 3♂( INHS) .  New York, Herkimer Co.,Old Forge, [ N 43.71007, W 74.97434], 18 July 1905, J.G. Needham, P.W. Claassen, 1♂, 1♀( NMNH, paratypes)   North Carolina, Alleghany Co.,Brush Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.46067, W 80.99979, 26 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂( CSUIC); Stone Mountain Creek, Stone Mountain Rd., Stone Mountain State Park, N 36.39445, W 81.03341, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 10♂, 3♀( CSUIC) . Ashe Co.,tributary to Peak Creek, Peak Creek Rd., BLRI, N 36.38101, W 81.27936, 21 May 2017, [emerged 25 May 2017], C. Verdone, D. Fuller, 1♀( CSUIC); Same data, [emerged 26 May 2017], 1♀( CSUIC); Same data, [emerged 30 May 2017], 1♀( CSUIC) . Caldwell Co.,Johns River, Old Johns River Rd., NE of Collettsville, N 35.94711, W 81.70472, 2 May 2005, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 1L ( CSUIC); Johns River, St. Johns River Rd. just upstream of Franklin Branch NE of Collettsville, N 35.93361, W 81.69056, 17 May 2004, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 1♂( CSUIC); Thunderhole Creek, Rte 1366, N 36.07324, W 81.69975, 14 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 3♀, 1L ( CSUIC) . Jackson Co.,Balsam, [ N 35.42667, W 83.08528], 24 April 1938, H.H. Ross, B.D. Burks, 6L ( INHS) . Macon Co.,Big Creek, Lake Randall, [ N 35.07861, W 83.20806], 20 June 1939, T. Howell, 1L ( INHS); Jarrett Creek, Arrowwood Glade, [ N 35.15444, W 83.58616], 25 May 1993, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, 1♂( CSUIC) . Swain Co.,Ekaneetlee Creek, 75 mupstream confluence Eagle Creek nr. Camp 89, N 35.49810, W 83.76640, 10–11 June 2003, B.D. Heinold, 1♂( INHS); Skidder Branch, Straight Branch mi. 20, [ N 35.59062, W 83.23494], 28 July 1982, B. Armitage, 1♀( CSUIC); Twentymile Creek, Twentymile Creek Trail, Camp 93, GRSM, N 35.47300, W 83.85240, 1 July 2004, R.E. DeWalt, 1♀( INHS) . Transylvania Co.,Pigeon Branch of South Fork Mills River, NFR 1206 off Rte 276, [ N 35.35815, W 82.77810], 8 July 1981, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀( CSUIC) . Watauga Co.,Clear Branch Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.22954, W 81.54462, 21 May 2017, C. Verdone, D. Fuller, 1♀( CSUIC) . Wilkes Co.,Betseys Rock Falls Creek, Walsh Rd. NW of Wilkesboro, N 36.28380, W 81.39729, 11 July 2008, B.C. Kondratieff, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 1♂( CSUIC); Garden Creek, Stone Mountain Rd., N 36.38905, W 81.06922, 29 May 2006, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, R.E. Zuellig, D. R. Lenat, 3♂, 4♀, 7L ( CSUIC) .  Pennsylvania, Chester Co.,Wet Lab at Stroud Research Center, London Grove, [ N 39.86911, W 75.77245], 27 May 1980, D.H. Funk, 7♂( INHS); Same location, 4 June 1980, D.H. Funk, 3♂, 3♀( INHS) . Mifflin Co.,Honey Creek, Reeds Gap, St. Park, New Lancaster Valley Rd., [ N 40.72150, W 77.47426], 7 June 2013, B.C. Kondratieff, J. Sandberg, 2♂( CSUIC); Little Poe Creek, Poe Valley, Little Poe Rd. 2 mi.E Poe Paddy State Park, [ N 40.82977, W 77.44454], 8 June 2013, B.C. Kondratieff, J. Sandberg, 1♂( CSUIC) .  South Carolina, Pickens Co.,Wildcat Creek, 9 kmSW Clemson, [ N 34.75607, W 82.85767], 18 May 1976, P.H. Carlson, 1♂( CSUIC); Wildcat Creek, Clemson Experimental Forest, [ N 34.75607, W 82.85767], 5 May 1985, K.W. Stewart, B.C. Kondratieff, R.F. Kirchner, 1L ( INHS) .  Tennessee, Blount Co.,Abrams Creek, Cades Cove, Old Field ATBIPlot, [ N 35.60470, W 83.77570], 9 May–3 June 2002, J. Burbank, 1♂( CSUIC); Abrams Creek, Cades Cove, Sparks Lane, GRSM, N 35.60400, W 83.79390, 7 June 2001, B.D. Heinold, 1♂( INHS); Abrams Creek, Cades Cove, GRSM, [ N 35.60494, W 83.77653], 1–12 June 2003, C. R. Parker, 4♂( CSUIC); Same location, 18–25 June 2003, C. R. Parker, ♂( CSUIC); Cades Cove, GRSM, [ N 35.60840, W 83.82700], 13 June 1940, T.H. Frison, 1♂, 1 exuvia( INHS); Cattail Branch, GRSM, N 35.51490, W 83.97630, 21–22 May 2003, R.E. DeWalt, B.D. Heinold 3L ( INHS); Tabcat Creek, at first jeep trail crossing, GRSM, N 35.51956, W 83.97927, 21 May 2003, R.E. DeWalt, 4L ( INHS) . Sevier Co.,Le Conte Creek, Gatlinburg, [ N 35.70164, W 83.51361], 4 May 1939, T.H. Frison, 7L ( INHS) .  Virginia, Albemarle Co.,Blackrock Spring, Fire Rd. off Skyline Dr. ( SHEN) , N 38.20504, W 78.74916, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 8♂, 2♀( CSUIC); South Fork Moormans River, Fire Rd. of Skyline Dr. ( SHEN) , N 38.09850, W 78.77815, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 1♀( CSUIC) . Alleghany Co.,Hays Creek, Rte 619, N 37.73125, W 80.00259, 10 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C, Kondratieff, 2♂, 2♀( CSUIC) . Amherst Co.,Dancing Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, Dancing Creek Overlook Parking, BLRI, N 37.63430, W 79.33258, 18 June 2016, C. Verdone, 1♂( CSUIC) . Augusta Co.,Calfpasture River, Jct. Hwy 250 and Rte 715, [ N 38.27356, W 79.30068], 8 June 2017, B.C. Kondratieff, 5♂, 3♀( CSUIC); Love bog Blue Ridge Parkway, mile 15.61, BLRI, [ N 37.88348, W 79.01054], 16-17 July 2007, C. R. Parker, 1♂( CSUIC); Paine Run, Jct 661 and 614, [ N 38.19880, W 78.79340], 19 July 1975, O.S., C.M Flint 1♂( NMNH); tributary to Braley Pond, NW Rte 715, [ N 38.28963, W 79.30448], 9 June 2017, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂( CSUIC) . Bedford Co.,Battery Creek, FR 951, N 37.55194, W 79.44059. 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 2♂, 1♀( CSUIC); Falling Rock Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 37.56403, W 79.40851, 27 May 2017, C. Verdone, D. Fuller, 2♂( CSUIC); Hunting Creek, Rte 602, N 37.53511, W 79.42025, 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 1♂, 1♀( CSUIC); Little Stony Creek, Hwy 43, Peaks of Otter Picnic Area, BLRI, N 37.4454, W 79.59713, 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 5♂, 6♀( CSUIC) . Bland Co.,Laurel Creek, Rte 613, under Hwy 77, N 37.25547, W 81.12081, 8 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂( CSUIC); Wolf Creek, Hwy 61, [No GPS], 10 June 1978, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♀( CSUIC) . Botetourt Co.,spring fed stream, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 37.39235, W 79.83864, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 3♂, 2♀( CSUIC); Bearwallow Creek, Hwy 443, N of BLRI, Bearwallow Gap, N 37.4856, W 79.66866, 19 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀( CSUIC) . Carroll Co.,Big Reed Island Creek Rd. between Rte 640 & Rte 645, N 36.67665, W 80.51019, 30 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂( CSUIC); Crooked Creek, Rte 620, trout fishing trail, N 36.67296, W 80.80853, 29 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 20♂, 27♀( CSUIC); Stewarts Creek, Rte 896, N 36.58083, W 80.76437, 30 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 4♂( CSUIC); tributary to Crooked Creek, Rte 620 nr. abandoned barn, N 36.67318, W 80.81921, 30 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♀( CSUIC) . Craig Co.,seeps into Barbours Creek, Rte 617, Potts Jeep Trail, N 37.63398, W 80.05481, 10 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 2♂( CSUIC) . Fauquier Co.,Bartons Brook, Jackson Hollow, [no GPS], 15 July 1974, R.W. Baumann, O. Flint, 1♀( NMNH); Little Bull Run, Bull Run Mtn., Shurburg Home, Hopewell Rd., N 38.86665, W 77.703922, 1 June–10 July 2014, D. R. Smith, 7♂, 3♀( NMNH); tributary to Broad Run, Arlington Outdoor Lab, [ N 38.80720, W 77.72170], 3–20 June 2016, D. R. Smith, 1♀( NMNH); tributary to Piney Branch, Roland Farm, N 38.843, W 77.8261, 23 May–6 June 2013, D. R. Smith, 3♂, 3♀( CSUIC); Same location, 7–25 June 2013, D. R. Smith, 5♂, 7♀( NMNH) . Floyd Co.,Dodd Creek, Blue Ridge Parkway, BLRI, N 36.87178, W 80.27901, 31 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂, 1♀( CSUIC) . Franklin Co.,Grassy Fork, Rte 619, N 36.81097, W 79.74516, 7 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♀( CSUIC);  Frederick Co.,Cold Spring, 800 mS FR 93 Gate, N 38.80720, W 77.72170, 20 June 2007, A.C. Chazal, 1♂( NMNH) . Greene Co.,Fork Hollow, Ranger Station, nr. Simmons Gap ( SHEN) , N 38.3007, W 78.61979, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 11♂, 6♀( CSUIC) . Madison Co.,Cedar Run, Rte. 600, White Oak Canyon Trailhead, SHEN, N 38.53907, W 78.34813, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 6♂( CSUIC); Rapidan River, Rte 649 ( SHEN) , N 38.46256, W 78.36535, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 1♂( CSUIC); Robinson River, Rte 600, N 38.52717, W 78.35015, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 6♂, 4♀( CSUIC); tributary to Rapidan River, Rte 649 ( SHEN )  , N38.46519, W 78.36990, 2 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C, Kondratieff, S. Roble, 4♂, 1♀( CSUIC) . Montgomery Co.,spring flowing into Craig Creek, 2.7 kmoff 460 on Rte 621, [No GPS], 17 June 1980, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂( CSUIC); spring tributary to Poverty Creek, Rte 708, N 37.26314, W 80.49781, 15 June 2016, C. Verdone, 8♂, 5♀( CSUIC) . Toms Creek, Rte 655, [ N 37.238054, W 80.47339], 29 May 1978, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂ 1 exuvia.  Patrick Co.,Little Rock Castle Creek, of milepost 165, Rt. 8, BLRI, [ N 36.82747, W 80.32460], 18–19 May 2007, C. R. Parker, 3♂, 2♀( CSUIC) . Prince William Co.,Bull Run Mtn., Mountain House, N 38.82500, W 77.70500, 26 May–11 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 2♂, 1♀( NMNH); Catharpin Creek., Jackson Hollow Campground, N 38.876667, W 77.68900, 11–24 June 2011, D. R. Smith, 5♂, 1♀( CSUIC); Same location, 26 May–11 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 2♂, 2♀( CSUIC); Same location, 26 May–11 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 12♂, 5♀( NMNH); Same location, 12–27 June 2012, D. R. Smith, 2♂, 1♀( CSUIC); Same location, 21 June– 10 July 2014, D. R. Smith, 2♂( CSUIC); Same location, 20 May–2 June 2016, D. R. Smith, 3♂( NMNH); tributary to North Fork Broad Run, Bull Run Mtn. Natural Area above rd., N 38.84700, W 77.70072, 21 May–5 June 2014, D. R. Smith, 1♂( NMNH) . Rockbridge Co.,Back Run, Cave Mtn. Rec. Area, N 37.56891, W 79.54088, 17 June 2016, C. Verdone, 5♀( CSUIC) . Rockingham Co.,Deep Run, Rte 708, N 38.27972, W 78.76374, 3 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, S. Roble, 1♂( CSUIC) . Tazewell Co.,Cove Creek, Rte 662, off Hwy 61, N 37.17837, 81.29900, 6 June 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 9♂, 9♀( CSUIC); East Fork Cove Creek, Rte 662, [ N 37.19464, W 81.30068], 12 June 1983, B.C. Kondratieff, 1♂( CSUIC) . Washington Co.,Detroit Cove, Jct. Brumley Gap Rd. & Rte 689, N 36.79664, W 82.05730, 24 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, B. Evans, 9♂, 9♀( CSUIC); Detroit Cove, Rte 689, N 36.79664, W 82.05730, 4 May 2017, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 1L ( CSUIC); Little Moccasin Creek, Rte 690 (below switchbacks) , N 36.83005, W 82.08855, 13 June 2016, C. Verdone, 1♂, 1♀( CSUIC) . Wythe Co.,Gullion Fork, Rte 619, N 37.01228, W 81.25340, 27 May 2016, C. Verdone, B.C. Kondratieff, 2L ( CSUIC) .  West Virginia, Hardy Co.,Lower Cove Run, 3 mi.NE of Mathias, N 38.91938, W 78.81641, 10-24 July 2003, D. R. Smith, 1♂( CSUIC); Same location, 18 June–1 July 2004, D. R. Smith 6♂, 2♀( CSUIC); Same location, 12–15 July 2004, D. R. Smith, 4♂( NMNH) . Mingo Co.,Laurel Branch of Laurel Fork, 2 mi.S Dingess at CR-3/07, [ N 37.85006, W 82.20055], 17 June 1975, R.F. Kirchner, 1♂, 1 exuvia( INHS); Laurel Fork of Pigeon Creek, 2 miS Dingess at CR-3/07, [ N 37.84891, W -82.20064], 8 May 1976, R.F. Kirchner, 2L ( INHS); Same location, 13 June 1975, R.F. Kirchner, 1♀, 1 exuvia( INHS); Same location, 20 June 1975, R.F. Kirchner, 7N ( INHS).  Figs. 31–34.  Remenus bilobatusovum, Blackrock Spring, Albemarle County, Virginia. 31. Ovum with membranous covering, dorsal. 32. Ovum, bare, dorsal. 33. Collar, ventral. 34. Micropyles, ventral.  Additional records not examined.   New York, Franklin Co., Dutton Brook, Rt.3 nr. Saranac Lake, N 44.2495, W 74.23818,  4 August 2006, L. Myers, 3♀( LCRI).   Warren Co.,seep to  Lake George, Rt.9 North, Basin Bay, N 43.52100, W 73.67410,  5 August 2009, L. Myers, 1♂, 5♀( LCRI).   Distribution. USA– AL, CT, DE, GA, KY, MD, NC, NY, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV. ( Fig. 19).   Male. ( Fig 20). Macropterous; forewing length 10.0– 11.0 mm (n = 10) ( Fig. 21). Body length 8.1–10.6 mm(n = 10). General body color yellow-gold with light brown markings. Dorsum of head typical of genus ( Fig. 22). Pronotum light brown, covered in regularly spaced setae, with pale, glabrous rugosities mediolaterally ( Fig. 22); medial pale area widest posteriorly ( Fig. 22). Abdominal terga uniformly yellow-gold ( Fig. 23). Tergum 8 with mediolateral patches of <10 sensilla basiconica ( Fig. 23). Tergum 9 with a medial glabrous division that extends anteriorly ¾ tergum length and mediolateral patches of ~ 20 sensilla basiconica ( Fig. 23). Hemitergal lobes short, separated from 10 thtergum, with long trichoid sensilla and> 20 sensilla basiconica on each lobe ( Figs. 23–26). Epiproct length ~ 300–320 μm; width ~ 80–84 μm (n = 3); epiproct flattened laterally ( Figs. 23, 26), with a ventral keel ( Figs. 24, 27–28), and a mediodorsal sclerite that is broadest basally and greatly exceeds the epiproct apex terminating in a thread-like lash ( Figs. 23, 26-27); complete lash length ~ 830 μm (n = 1); keel widest at mid-length ( Fig. 26), covered in dense, hair-like spinulae ( Fig. 28). Paragenital plates broadly triangular ( Figs. 23–24, 26). Basal cowl clothed in dense golden-brown spinulae ( Figs. 23– 24).  Female.Macropterous; forewing length 9.8–12.0 mm (n = 10). Body length 8.8–11.1 mm(n = 10). Body coloration and morphology similar to male. Sternum 8 with variable subgenital plate extending ~ ½ over sternum 9, or to the posterior margin of sternum 9; subgenital plate moderately sclerotized, broadly triangular ( Fig. 29) or broadly rounded ( Fig. 30); with regularly spaced setae; posterolateral margins convex; basolateral margins either parallel or convergent posteriorly; basolateral crease nearly straight or convex posteriorly, extending ~ ⅓ length anteriorly into sternum 8 ( Figs. 29–30).  Ovum.Shape typical of genus ( Figs. 31–34). Length 439–440 μm; width 348–361 μm (n = 3).  Larva.( Fig. 35). Body length 9.0– 10.4 mm, (n = 5). Head ( Fig. 36), lacinia ( Fig. 37), mandibles ( Fig. 38), and pronotum ( Fig. 36) typical of genus. Mature male larva with an elongate terminal process with a constriction at the basal ⅓; apical ⅔ thin and tapered ( Fig. 39). Mature larva with paired medial and lateral spots on the abdominal terga. Basal cercal segments with whorls of both long and short setae ( Fig. 40).   Diagnosis.  Remenus bilobatus, with its characteristic epiproct lash is easily separated from the other  Remenusspecies.However, the lash is rarely complete and may become broken as a result of collection, eversion, preservation, or possibly the lash is naturally broken during development or on mated individuals. Even when incomplete the lash generally still greatly exceeds the epiproct apex. The only other species of  Remenuswith a dorsal sclerite on the epiproct is  R. duffieldi,but it does not greatly exceed the epiproct apex as in this species. Males of  R. bilobatusare further differentiated in that the epiproct is laterally flattened, the 9 thtergum has a medial glabrous division, both terga 8 and 9 have mediolateral patches of sensilla basiconica, and the basal cowl is clothed in dense golden-brown spinulae. Whereas in males of  R. duffieldi,the epiproct is dorsoventrally flattened, tergum 9 is not divided and lacks sensilla basiconica, and the spinulae covering the basal cowl are pale.  Figs. 36–39.  Remenus bilobatus,larva. 36. Head and pronotum, Stone Mountain Creek, Alleghany County, North Carolina. 37–38. Toms Creek, Montgomery County, Virginia. 37. Left lacinia, dorsal. 38. Left mandible, dorsal. 39. Male terminal process (developing epiproct), ventral, Gullion Fork, Wythe County, Virginia. In general, the female subgenital plate of  R. bilobatusis broadly triangular or broadly rounded, with basolateral margins either parallel or convergent posteriorly and a basolateral crease that is nearly straight or convex posteriorly. The subgenital plate can be quite similar to the other species, but the nearly straight or convex basolateral crease is consistently different compared to the concave crease seen in  R. daniellae sp. n., and  R. kirchneri.Females of  R. bilobatusdiffer from  R. duffieldiby a generally shorter subgenital plate and in pronotal pigmentation. The pronotum of  R. bilobatusis brown with pale rugosities, whereas in  R. duffieldi, it is pale with brown rugosities. We still agree with Kondratieff & Nelson (1995)who asserted that females of  Remenusshould not routinely be identified in the absence of male specimens. Mature larvae of  R. bilobatuscan be separated from  R. kirchneriand  R. duffieldiby the presence of long setae on the basal cercal segments. However, this character is shared by  R. daniellae sp. n.which is sympatric in several locations. Rearing of larvae is still the best hope for species level identification.   Biological notes.No life history or biological studies have been conducted on this species. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this predaceous perlodine has a univoltine life cycle and inhabits leaf packs in areas with swift current ( Beaty 2015).  Based on the examined material, emergence begins in early May and continues into late July. In the northern part its range emergence can continue into early August.  Remenus bilobatusinhabits springs to 6 thorder rivers ( Kondratieff & Voshell 1982) with drainage areas ranging from 0.26–165.2 km 2and has been recorded from six eastern Nearctic physiographic provinces (Adirondack, Appalachian Plateau, Blue Ridge, New England, Piedmont Plateau, and Ridge and Valley). The average elevation of occurrence localities is 503.4 m(SD ± 219.1 m). The relatively large range of this species may be explained in part by the wide range of stream sizes it inhabits, providing it with greater habitat connectivity. Although this species is widely distributed, adults are seldom collected in large numbers. Of the 88 adultrecords presented only 13.6% (n = 12) were represented by more than 10 individuals, 43.2% (n = 38) were represented by a single specimen. 3111944375 Herkimer County Old Forge Old Forge 12 93 1 1 New York holotype 3111944392 1988-05-14 R United States of America 33.47396 -85.82077 12 93 Alabama 3111944455 1965-06-18 NMNH United States of America 12 93 Connecticut 3111944350 1965-06-18 NMNH United States of America 12 93 Connecticut 3111944414 1967-06-15 NMNH United States of America 41.47291 -72.26029 12 93 Connecticut 3111944432 1954-06-18 NMNH United States of America 13 94 41.80843 -72.24952 12 93 Connecticut 3111944335 1958-07-01 INHS United States of America 39.51949 -77.45114 13 94 Maryland 3111944469 1905-07-18 NMNH United States of America 43.71007 -74.97434 13 94 New York paratype 3111944344 2016-05-26 BLRI United States of America 36.46067 -80.99979 13 94 North Carolina 3111944447 R United States of America 36.39445 -81.03341 13 94 North Carolina 3111944321 2017-05-25 BLRI United States of America 36.38101 -81.27936 13 94 North Carolina 3111944418 2017-05-26 CSUIC United States of America 13 94 North Carolina 3111944328 2017-05-30 CSUIC United States of America 13 94 North Carolina 3111944448 2005-05-02 R United States of America 35.94711 -81.70472 13 94 North Carolina 3111944470 2004-05-17 R United States of America 35.93361 -81.69056 13 94 North Carolina 3111944329 2017-05-14 CSUIC United States of America 36.07324 -81.69975 13 94 North Carolina 3111944437 1938-04-24 INHS United States of America 35.42667 -83.08528 13 94 North Carolina 3111944376 1939-06-20 T United States of America 35.07861 -83.20806 13 94 North Carolina 3111944368 1993-05-25 R United States of America 35.15444 -83.58616 13 94 North Carolina 3111944334 2003-06-10 INHS United States of America 35.4981 -83.7664 13 94 North Carolina 3111944386 1982-07-28 CSUIC United States of America 35.59062 -83.23494 13 94 North Carolina 3111944475 2004-07-01 GRSM United States of America 35.473 -83.8524 13 94 North Carolina 3111944416 1981-07-08 CSUIC United States of America 35.35815 -82.7781 13 94 North Carolina 3111944449 2017-05-21 BLRI United States of America 14 95 36.22954 -81.54462 13 94 North Carolina 3111944366 2008-07-11 R United States of America 36.2838 -81.39729 14 95 North Carolina 3111944348 2006-05-29 R United States of America 36.38905 -81.06922 14 95 North Carolina 3111944374 1980-05-27 INHS United States of America 39.86911 -75.77245 14 95 Pennsylvania 3111944360 1980-06-04 INHS United States of America 14 95 Pennsylvania 3111944401 2013-06-07 CSUIC United States of America 40.7215 -77.47426 14 95 Pennsylvania 3111944404 2013-06-08 CSUIC United States of America 40.82977 -77.44454 14 95 Pennsylvania 3111944302 1976-05-18 CSUIC United States of America 34.75607 -82.85767 14 95 South Carolina 3111944400 1985-05-05 R United States of America 34.75607 -82.85767 14 95 South Carolina 3111944338 2002-05-09 ATBI United States of America 35.6047 -83.7757 14 95 Tennessee 3111944322 2001-06-07 GRSM United States of America 35.604 -83.7939 14 95 Tennessee 3111944440 2003-06-01 GRSM United States of America 35.60494 -83.77653 14 95 Tennessee 3111944378 2003-06-18 R United States of America 14 95 Tennessee 3111944474 1940-06-13 GRSM United States of America 35.6084 -83.827 14 95 Tennessee 3111944358 2003-05-21 GRSM United States of America 35.5149 -83.9763 14 95 Tennessee 3111944355 2003-05-21 GRSM United States of America 35.51956 -83.97927 14 95 Tennessee 3111944459 1939-05-04 T United States of America 35.70164 -83.51361 14 95 Tennessee 3111944406 SHEN United States of America 14 95 Virginia 3111944307 2016-06-03 CSUIC United States of America 38.20504 -78.74916 14 95 Virginia 3111944424 SHEN United States of America 14 95 Virginia 3111944385 2016-06-03 CSUIC United States of America 38.0985 -78.77815 14 95 Virginia 3111944421 2016-06-10 CSUIC United States of America 37.73125 -80.00259 14 95 Virginia 3111944317 2016-06-18 BLRI United States of America 37.6343 -79.33258 14 95 Virginia 3111944346 2017-06-08 CSUIC United States of America 38.27356 -79.30068 14 95 Virginia 3111944365 2007-07-16 BLRI United States of America 37.88348 -79.01054 14 95 Virginia 3111944367 1975-07-19 NMNH United States of America 38.1988 -78.7934 14 95 Virginia 3111944402 2017-06-09 CSUIC United States of America 38.28963 -79.30448 14 95 Virginia 3111944397 2016-06-17 CSUIC United States of America 37.55194 -79.44059 14 95 Virginia 3111944316 2017-05-27 BLRI United States of America 37.56403 -79.40851 14 95 Virginia 3111944326 2016-06-17 CSUIC United States of America 37.53511 -79.42025 14 95 Virginia 3111944433 2016-06-17 BLRI United States of America 37.4454 -79.59713 14 95 Virginia 3111944442 2016-06-08 CSUIC United States of America 37.25547 -81.12081 14 95 Virginia 3111944444 1978-06-10 CSUIC United States of America 14 95 Virginia 3111944308 2016-05-31 BLRI United States of America 37.39235 -79.83864 14 95 Virginia 3111944439 2017-05-19 BLRI United States of America 37.4856 -79.66866 14 95 Virginia 3111944393 2016-05-30 CSUIC United States of America 36.67665 -80.51019 14 95 Virginia 3111944425 2016-05-29 CSUIC United States of America 36.67296 -80.80853 14 95 Virginia 3111944369 2016-05-30 CSUIC United States of America 36.58083 -80.76437 14 95 Virginia 3111944466 2016-05-30 CSUIC United States of America 36.67318 -80.81921 14 95 Virginia 3111944323 2016-06-10 CSUIC United States of America 37.63398 -80.05481 14 95 Virginia 3111944398 1974-07-15 R United States of America 15 96 14 95 Virginia 3111944313 2014-06-01 R United States of America 38.86665 -77.70392 15 96 Virginia 3111944430 2016-06-03 R United States of America 38.8072 -77.7217 15 96 Virginia 3111944310 2013-05-23 R United States of America 38.843 -77.8261 15 96 Virginia 3111944351 2013-06-07 R United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944359 2016-05-31 BLRI United States of America 36.87178 -80.27901 15 96 Virginia 3111944417 2016-06-07 CSUIC United States of America 36.81097 -79.74516 15 96 Virginia 3111944327 2007-06-20 NMNH United States of America 38.8072 -77.7217 15 96 Virginia 3111944324 SHEN United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944461 2016-06-03 CSUIC United States of America 38.3007 -78.61979 15 96 Virginia 3111944384 2016-06-02 SHEN United States of America 38.53907 -78.34813 15 96 Virginia 3111944320 [317,748,1027,1051] SHEN United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944456 2016-06-02 CSUIC United States of America 38.46256 -78.36535 15 96 Virginia 3111944330 2016-06-02 CSUIC United States of America 38.52717 -78.35015 15 96 Virginia 3111944332 SHEN United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944467 2016-06-02 CSUIC United States of America 38.46519 -78.3699 15 96 Virginia 3111944311 1980-06-17 CSUIC United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944464 2016-06-15 CSUIC United States of America 37.26314 -80.49781 15 96 Virginia 3111944465 2007-05-18 BLRI United States of America 37.238052 -80.47339 15 96 Virginia 3111944314 2007-05-18 BLRI United States of America 37.238052 -80.47339 15 96 Virginia 3111944340 2012-05-26 R United States of America 38.825 -77.705 15 96 Virginia 3111944304 2011-06-11 R United States of America 38.876667 -77.689 15 96 Virginia 3111944419 2012-05-26 R United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944405 [189,1051,199,1915] 2012-05-26 R United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944457 2012-06-12 R United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944305 2014-06-21 R United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944312 2016-05-20 R United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944352 2014-05-21 R United States of America 38.847 -77.70072 15 96 Virginia 3111944408 2016-06-17 CSUIC United States of America 37.56891 -79.54088 15 96 Virginia 3111944436 2016-06-03 CSUIC United States of America 38.27972 -78.76374 15 96 Virginia 3111944339 2016-06-06 CSUIC United States of America 37.17837 81.299 15 96 Virginia 3111944450 1983-06-12 CSUIC United States of America 37.19464 -81.30068 15 96 Virginia 3111944372 2016-05-24 CSUIC United States of America 36.79664 -82.0573 15 96 Virginia 3111944341 2017-05-04 CSUIC United States of America 36.79664 -82.0573 15 96 Virginia 3111944309 United States of America 15 96 Virginia 3111944472 2016-06-13 CSUIC United States of America 36.83005 -82.08855 15 96 Virginia 3111944410 2016-05-27 CSUIC United States of America 37.01228 -81.2534 15 96 Virginia 3111944420 2003-07-10 R United States of America 38.91938 -78.81641 15 96 West Virginia 3111944342 2004-06-18 R United States of America 15 96 West Virginia 3111944415 2004-07-12 R United States of America 15 96 West Virginia 3111944462 1975-06-17 R United States of America 37.85006 -82.20055 15 96 West Virginia 3111944445 1976-05-08 R United States of America 37.84891 15 96 West Virginia 3111944423 1975-06-13 R United States of America 15 96 West Virginia 3111944333 1975-06-20 R United States of America 15 96 West Virginia 3111944382 2006-08-04 LCRI Dutton Brook, Rt. & L. Myers Franklin Co. 44.2495 Saranac Lake 5 -74.23818 15 96 3 3 New York 3111944476 2009-08-05 LCRI Lake George, Rt. & L. Myers Warren Co. 43.521 North 1 -73.6741 Lake George 15 96 6 5 1 New York