A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Tropical Africa Johnson, David M. Murray, Nancy A. PhytoKeys 2018 2018-04-24 97 1 252 555923DA-3C51-5123-AB73-09395E9D3E71 D. M. Johnson, Kew Bull. 72: 11: 10 - 12. 2017. D. M. Johnson, Kew Bull. 72: 11: 10 – 12. 2017. Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Xylopia CoL Plantae Xylopia keniensis Magnoliales 99 100 Tracheophyta species keniensis    Type.   KENYA. Kwale District, Shimba Hills, 4.2407°S, 39.4218°E,  390 m, 30 Dec 2009,  Q. Luke& P. Luke13949( holotypeEA!; isotypes BR, K! MO! [6467367, 6569824], NHT, PRE, US).  Description.  Tree15-25 m tall with long straight bole and rounded crown. Twigsgreenish brown to blackish, glabrous or initially short-pubescent, the hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long, but soon light gray, glabrate; nodes occasionally with two axillary branches. Leafwith larger blades 6.7-10.5 cm long, 2.6-3.7 cm wide, chartaceous, shiny adaxially, dull and paler abaxially, lanceolate to elliptic, occasionally oblong or elliptic-oblanceolate, apex sharply acuminate, the acumen 6-18 mm long, occasionally obtuse, base cuneate to rounded, glabrous or with a few hairs at the base of the midrib adaxially, sparsely appressed-pubescent to glabrate abaxially; midrib slightly raised to plane adaxially, raised abaxially, secondary veins weakly brochidodromous, 12-15 per side, diverging at 60-75° from the midrib, these and higher order veins slightly raised on both surfaces; petiole 2-5.5 mm long, shallowly canaliculate, pubescent to glabrous. Inflorescencesaxillary, usually from the axils of fallen leaves, 1- or rarely 2-flowered, sparsely pubescent; pedicels 2.8-3.9 mm long, 0.6-0.7 mm thick; bracts 2, attached to the distal half of the pedicel, persistent or not, 1.2-1.6 mm long, broadly ovate to crescent-shaped, apex acute; buds lanceolate, apex acute. Sepalserect to slightly spreading at anthesis, 1/3-connate, 2.2-2.7 mm long, 2.3-2.4 mm wide, subcoriaceous, broadly ovate to triangular, apex obtuse to acute, sparsely pubescent abaxially. Petalscream-colored with reddish pink bases at anthesis in vivo; outer petals erect or slightly spreading at anthesis, 13.7-19.3 mm long, 2.2-2.6 mm wide at base, 0.9-1.0 mm wide at midpoint, coriaceous, linear, flat on both surfaces, apex obtuse, densely puberulent except for the glabrous warty base adaxially, golden-sericeous abaxially; inner petals geniculate at anthesis, with the apices bent sharply outward between the outer petals, 11.0-16.3 mm long, 1.8-2.2 mm wide at base, ca. 0.5 mm wide at midpoint, coriaceous, linear-subulate, longitudinally ridged on both surfaces, transversely thickened at widest point adaxially, apex acute, base with undifferentiated margin, densely puberulent on both surfaces except for the glabrous base. Stamensca. 85; fertile stamens 1.0-1.3 mm long, narrowly oblong, apex of connective reddish pink at anthesis in vivo, 0.2-0.25 mm long, shieldlike, overhanging the anther thecae, smooth or finely papillate, anthers 7-10-locellate, fila ment0.3-0.5 mm long; outer staminodes 1.2-1.5 mm long, oblong, apex rounded to truncate, sometimes emarginate; inner staminodes 1.0-1.1 mm long, oblong, apex truncate; staminal cone ca. 1.3 mm in diameter, 0.7 mm high, concealing only the bases of the ovaries, rim laciniate. Carpelsca. 6; ovaries ca. 0.3 mm long, oblong, pubescent; stigmas connivent, free at the apices, 1.8-2 mm long, filiform, apex acute, with a few hairs at the apices. Torusflat, ca. 1.8 mm in diameter Fruitof up to 4 glabrate monocarps borne on a pedicel ca. 5 mm long, ca. 2.6 mm thick, glabrate; torus ca. 4 mm in diameter, ca. 4.5 mm high, globose. Monocarpswith a green exterior and red endocarp in vivo, 2.8-3.5 cm long, 1.0-1.6 cm wide, 1.1-1.4 cm thick, clavate-pyriform to ovoid, usually with a longitudinal ridge running down one side, apex obtuse, base tapered but not stipitate, verrucose; pericarp 0.4-1.0 mm thick. Seeds4-6 per monocarp, in two rows, lying perpendicular to long axis, 11.0-11.2 mm long, 7.2-7.3 mm wide, ca. 5.1 mm thick, oblong to ellipsoid, obovate to elliptic in cross-section, obliquely truncate at micropylar end, rounded at chalazal end, dark brown, slightly wrinkled/roughened, dull, raphe/antiraphe not evident, micropylar scar ca. 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, elliptic; sarcotesta orange-red in vivo; aril absent.   Figure 28.  Xylopia keniensisand  X. tanganyikensis, with leaves of  X. holtziiand  X. longipetalafor comparison. ALeaf of  X. holtziifrom Tanzania BLeaf of  X. longipetalafrom Ghana C-E  X. keniensis CHabit DFruit EInflorescence F-O  X. tanganyikensis FPedicel, sepals, and staminal cone GBase of inner petal, adaxial view HBase of outer petal, adaxial view IFlower, lateral view JCarpel K, LHabit MStamen, abaxial view NStaminode, abaxial view OFruit. Afrom Semsei 1718(K) Bfrom Jongkind & Nieuwenhuis 2130(WAG) C, Dfrom Luke & Robertson 2723(MO) F-J, L-Nfrom Nishida 57(K) K, Ofrom Abeid et al. 1028(L). Reproduced with the permission of the Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.  Phenology. Specimens with flowers or flower buds have been collected in November and December, and with fruits in March and September.  Distribution (Fig. 22). Endemic to the Shimba Hills region of southern Kenya, where it grows in lowland forest at elevations of 350-430 m ( Luke 2005). Associates at one site (from Luke & Robertson 2723) included species of  Antiaris,  Milicia,  Lovoa,  Celtis,  Quassia,  Hymenaea,  Julbernardia, and  Manilkarain the canopy, and  Leptonychia,  Diospyros,  Warneckea[  Memecylon], and many Rubiaceaeshrubs in the understory.  Additional specimens examined.    KENYA. Kwale: Shimba Hills, Makadara, 4.2394 S 39.3937 E,  430 m, [typed label gives locality as  TaitaHills, which is a transcription error ( R. Faden, personal communication)], 9 Nov 1970(buds),  Fadenet al. 70/847(K); Shimba Hills, Longomwagandi, 4.2407 S 39.42181 E,  390 m, 30 Dec 2009(st seedling),  Luke& Luke13950(EA); Shimba Hills, Longomwagandi, 4.2351 S 39.4181 E,  390 m, 17 March 1991(fr),  Luke& Robertson2723(EA, K, MO); Shimba Hills, 1 Jul 2006,  Project Mbegu353(EA); Shimba Hills, 20 Jul 1967(st),  Mulwa015(EA);  Kwale District, Shimba Hills, Langoya Mwagandior Longo Mwagandi Forest, 4.2333 S, 39.4167 E,  350 m, 18 Sep 1982(fr),  Polhill& Robertson4800(K).   Xylopia keniensisoverlaps in distribution with  X. holtzii, but it differs from that species in the sharply acuminate and nearly glabrous leaf blades, the pedicels short and usually with only one flower per axil, the inner petals strongly geniculate at anthesis, and the sessile monocarps with the seeds arranged in two rows. In seedlings grown side by side, the more pronounced sheen of the  X. keniensisleaves is evident (Q. Luke, personal communication). The species is likely to occur in the Usambara Mountains region of Tanzania, where it may be confused with  X. holtzii. As currently known,  X. keniensisis very rare, and was given a conservation assessment of Endangered B1ab(iii)+B2ad(iii) by Johnson et al. (2017). We determined it to have the smallest AOO of any African species, 10 km2. 2009-12-30 Q. Luke, P. Luke KENYA 390 -4.2407 Shimba Hills 7 39.4218 1 Kwale District holotype 2018-01-01 2018-12-31 2018-01-01 KENYA 430 -4.2394 Makadara 7 39.3937 Shimba Hills 1 Kwale 1967-07-20 2009-12-30 1967-07-20 R. Faden, Luke, Robertson, Shimba Hills, Project Mbegu, Mulwa Kenya Faden 390 -4.2351 Longomwagandi 7 39.4181 Shimba Hills 1 Taita 1982-09-18 Polhill, Robertson Kenya Shimba Hills 350 -4.2333 Mwagandi 7 39.4167 Lango 1 Kwale District