Taxonomic evaluation of the Grallaria rufula (Rufous Antpitta) complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) distinguishes sixteen species Isler, Morton L. Chesser, Terry Robbins, Mark B. Cuervo, Andrés M. Cadena, Carlos Daniel Hosner, Peter A. Zootaxa 2020 2020-07-21 4817 1 1 74 Hosner, Robbins, Isler, & Chesser Hosner, Robbins, Isler, & Chesser 2020 [151,862,1089,1116] Aves Grallariidae Grallaria Animalia Passeriformes 20 21 Chordata species ayacuchensis sp. nov.  Includes population designated  blakei 3in the analysis.   Diagnosis.Upperparts dark reddish yellow-brown; anterior underparts paler grading to light buff on lower belly. Trilled long songs in combination with short songs consisting of a regularly repeated unmodulated note distinguish  G. ayacuchensis( Fig. 14) from all other populations except  G. centralis. Vocal differences between  G. ayacuchensisand  G. centralisinclude short song note shape (rounded in  G. centralisand downslurred in  G. ayacuchensis) and pattern of change in duration of long song notes (notes lengthen or remain constant in  G. centralisand shorten in  G. ayacuchensis). The pace of long songs of  G. ayacuchensisis faster than that of  G. centralis, and although ranges of values did not overlap, means did not differ significantly, presumably because of small sample sizes.   Distribution.Endemic to Peruon east Andean slope in Ayacuchowest of the Río Apurímacbetween the Río Mantaro and Río Pampas, 2500–3700 m.     Holotype. Centro de Ornitologíay Biodiversidad( CORBIDI) AV-KVG166. Adultmale shot by P. A. Hosnerin  Chusqueathicket in secondary forest, and prepared as a study skin by Karen Verde-Guerra, on  22 September 2012at Chupón, Dpto. Ayacucho, Peru( 13° 16’ S, 73°30’ W, elevation 3300 m). Voicerecorded ( ML186926).   Description of holotype.Adult male. Overall plumage of upperparts dark reddish yellow-brown (7.5YR 4/4), with throat and breast grading toward yellowish red-brown (5YR 5/8). Crown, auriculars, nape, back, rump, wing, uppertail coverts, and rectrices dark reddish yellow-brown (7.5YR 4/4). Remiges dark reddish yellow-brown (7.5YR 4/4) with the inner vane of each feather slightly duskier. Orbital, lores, throat, breast, side of breast, and upper flanks yellowish red-brown (5YR 5/8), grading to light buff on lower belly. Some feathers on belly have faint pale neutral gray mottling. Lower flanks grading to dark reddish yellow-brown (7.5YR 4/4), undertail coverts pinkish white (7.5YR 8/4). Testes 8 x 4 mm; skull 50% pneumatized; no bursa of Fabricius; stomach: insects; moderate fat, wt: 48.4 g; heavy contour feather molt. Iris dark brown, legs dusky gray, bill black.  Measurements of holotype.Bill length 12.7 mm, wing length 83.7 mm, tail length 41.3 mm, tarsus length 46.3 mm.  Paratopotypes.KU 132736 (male), KU 132701 (male), CORBIDI Av-MBR 8329 (male), CORBIDI Av- PAH1242 (male).    Paratypes. KU119996 (female), AMNH820776 (male) (specimen photographs App. 6, Fig. A28).   Etymology.The scientific and English names reflect its restricted known distribution on the humid eastern slopes of the Department of Ayacucho, Peru.   Remarks.May also occur in adjacent northeastern Huancavelica. See remarks for  G. centralis. Holotypealso cataloged as University of KansasBiodiversity Institute (KU) 122629, tissue number 29375. 2012-09-22 CORBIDI, ML Biodiversidad & Adult & P. A. Hosner & Karen Verde-Guerra Peru Voice 3300 -13.266666 Centro de Ornitologia 1291 -73.5 Chupon 21 22 1 Ayacucho holotype [199,671,693,720] KU, AMNH 21 22 1 paratype