Xylopia lamarckii Baill. An [ n ] ona grandiflora Lam., Encyclopédie méthodique, Botanique 2 (1): 126, 127 (1786). Pseudanona [“ Pseudannona ”] grandiflora (Lam.) Saff., Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 3: 18 (1913). Xylopia grandiflora (Lam.) Ghesq. ex Cavaco & Keraudren, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores , Annonacées, vol. 78: 26 (1958) madagascariensis Pers. Annona pyriformis Bojer ex Baker, Flora A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Madagascar and the Mascarene islands Johnson, David M. Murray, Nancy A. Adansonia 2020 2020-02-05 42 1 1 88 5CM4B Baill. Baill. [339,597,918,945] Magnoliopsida Annonaceae Xylopia Plantae Magnoliales 29 28 Tracheophyta species lamarckii   ( Figs 1H-I; 5; 6E; 10)    Adansonia; Recueil d’Observations botaniques4: 142, 143 (1864).—   An[ n] ona  grandiflora Lam., Encyclopédie méthodique, Botanique2 (1): 126, 127 (1786).—    Pseudanona[“ Pseudannona”]  grandiflora(Lam.) Saff., Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences3: 18 (1913).—    Xylopia grandiflora(Lam.) Ghesq. ex Cavaco & Keraudren, Flore de Madagascaret des Comores, Annonacées,vol. 78: 26 (1958), non A.St.-Hil. (1825). — Type: “ Isle de Bourbon”, s. d. (fl.), Commerson s. n.(lecto-, P[ P0034246]!; isolecto-, P[P0034247]!). ṙ An[ n] ona grandiflora*  madagascariensisPers., Synopsis Plantarum seu Enchiridium Botanicum2 (1): 95 (1806). — Type: Hab. in ins. Madagasc., herb. Juss[ieu] (not found).   Annona pyriformisBojer ex Baker, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles3 (1877). — Type:   Mauritius.Without definite locality, Bojer s. n.(not found).  MATERIAL EXAMINED. —   Mauritius.“Dans l’infonumene delaplace de Hollandois au Pon du P. E. habitation du Prahy” [ṙ], 29.IX.1754(fl.), Aublet s. n.( BM);  Moka( Vuillemin),  15.I.1924(old fl.),  Bijouxs. n.(P[P01987045]); native of mountain woods of Nouvelle Decouverte, s. d. (fl.) [presented  17.VII.1863],  Blackburnherb. [ex Bojer?](K); in campis sylvestribus insula Mauritii, s. d. (st.), ex herb. Bojer[ er], ( BM); “isle de france”, without definite locality, s. d. (st.), Commerson s. n.(P[P030400]);  Grand Bassin,  31.I.1933(st.),  Duhamel16139( MAU);  Crown Land Perrier, s. d. (bud),  Duljeet16140( MAU);  Ripailles,  II.1862(fl.),  Dupont[ coll. Ayres?] s. n.(K);  Ravine Cascade,  500 ft,  V.1971(st.),  Friedmann1202(P[P01987041]); without definite locality, s. d. (fl., st.), Herb. Du Petit-Thouars s. n.(P[P01987042, P01987048]); “ Ile de France”, s. d. (fl.),  Herb.E. Drake(ex Herbarium Richard) s. n.(P[P01987044]); without definite locality, s. d.,  Herb. R. Botanic Gardens Pamplemousse(st., collector unknown) 14, (st., Bouton) 15, (st., Bijoux) 16, (old fl., Bijoux) 17, (all MAU);  Pétrin Nature Reserve( S. W.),  2000 feet,  6.I.1973(fl.),  Lorence M23( MO, WAG);  Pétrin Nature Reserve,  12.XII.1978(fl.),  Lorence2124(K n.v., MAU, MO, P[P01987040], US);  Perrier Nature Preservenear Mareaux Vacoas,  600 m,  28.XII.1978(fl.),  Lorence2225(K n.v., MAU, MO, P[P01987046]);  Gaulettes Serrées,  400-450 m,  19.V.1979(st.),  Lorenceet al. 2635( MAU);  Brise Fer, west edge of Central Plateau,  600 m,  1.VI.1979(st.), Lorences. n. ( MAU);  Petrín Nature Reserve,  24.II.1972(fl.),  Owadally15115( MAU);  Perrier Nature Reserve,  17.II.1971(fl.),  Vaughan15228( MAU);  La Villebague, s. d. (buds),  Wallichs. n.( BM);  Grand Port, s. d. (fl.),  Wallichs. n.( BM); without definite locality, s. d. (fl.), collector unknown, ex herb. Lambert( BM, 2 sheets).  DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION STATUS. — Endemic to the island of Mauritius,  Xylopia lamarckiioccurs in thickets and in the upland heath and dwarf forest of Philippiaand Phylicaover laterite, sometimes with emergent Sideroxylonand Calophyllum( Kaiser 2006), at elevations of 150-700 meters ( Fig. 7). Specimens with flowers have been collected from December to February.  Xylopia lamarckiiwas given a status of Critically Endangered by Page (1998b), who estimated the population at that time as 250 individuals. Our EOO and AOO calculations of 270 km2 and 32 km2, respectively, support that status, as does the lack of effective pollinators described below.  LOCAL NAME. — Bois blanc ( Aublet s. n.).  DESCRIPTION  Treelet or shrubup to 4 mtall, often sprawling or subscandent; d.b.h. up to 2 cm.  Twigssparsely appressed-pubescent, the hairs c. 0.2 mmlong, soon glabrate; nodes with a single axillary branch.  Leaveswith larger blades 11.5-23.5 cmlong, 6.2-8.4 cmwide, chartaceous, discolorous, olive-gray adaxially, dull orange-brown and occasionally somewhat glaucous abaxially, lanceolate to ovate, apex acute to acuminate, the acumen 8-26 mmlong, base rounded to truncate, occasionally subcordate, not decurrent, margin flat, not revolute, glabrous adaxially, sparsely pubescent on the midrib but otherwise glabrous abaxially; midrib light brown toward the base adaxially, secondary veins weakly brochidodromous, 12-20 per side, diverging at 60-70° from midrib, these and higher-order veins slightly raised and forming a conspicuous reticulum on both surfaces; petiole 3-6 mmlong, semi-terete, transversely wrinkled, sparsely pubescent to glabrate.  Inflorescencesaxillary, 1-flowered, not pedunculate, appressedpubescent; pedicels 8-13 mmlong, 2-2.6 mmthick; bracts 2-3, one attached near the pedicel midpoint and the others near the pedicel base, caducous; buds oblong to obovoid, apex obtuse, occasionally slightly falciform.  Sepalsspreading at anthesis, ¹⁄5-1/2-connate, 4.5-10 mmlong, 6.5-12 mmwide, coriaceous, broadly triangular-ovate, apex acute to obtuse, appressed-pubescent abaxially.  Petalscreamy white, sometimes flushed with rose, with a purple spot at the base adaxially in vivo; outer petals slightly spreading at anthesis, 32-55 mmlong, 5-12.5 mmwide at base, 11-28 mmwide at midpoint, fleshy, lanceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate, flattened toward the base adaxially, apex obtuse, densely puberulent on apical half and along margins to the base adaxially, uniformly appressed-pubescent abaxially; inner petals slightly spreading at anthesis, 29-41 mmlong, c. 4.7 mmwide at base, 3-10 mmwide at midpoint, fleshy, narrowly oblong, laterally compressed, keeled at apex adaxially, sharply keeled abaxially, apex acute, base deeply concave with undifferentiated margin, densely puberulent at apex but glabrous toward base adaxially, thinly appressed-pubescent at apex and along keel abaxially.  FIG. 10. — Plate 6A from Dunal (1817), showing the only fruit and seed details known for  Xylopia lamarckiiBaill.  Stamens c.300; fertile stamens 1.3-1.9 mmlong, narrowly oblong, anther connective apex c. 0.2 mmlong, capitate or shield-shaped, overhanging the anther thecae, papillate, anthers 10-12-locellate, filament 0.4-0.5 mmlong; outer staminodes 1.3-1.6 mmlong, clavate, apex truncate; inner staminodes c. 1.2 mmlong, oblong, quadrate, or clavate, apex truncate; staminal cone 5-6 mmin diameter, 1.5-4 mmhigh, completely concealing the ovaries, rim even.  Carpels c.20; ovaries c. 1.5 mmlong, narrowly oblong, tomentose, stigmas basally connivent with the tips free, 9.5- 11 mmlong, filiform, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs.  Fruit(ex Keraudren-Aymonin 1980) “Fruit mal connu, à monocarpes d’environ 3.5 × 0.8 cm, glabres.  Seeds(Keraudren-Aymonin 1980) “Graines arillées, longues de 11-12 mm”.  NOTES The large broad fleshy petals of  Xylopia lamarckiisets it apart from all other Xylopiaspecies of the Madagascarand Mascarene region with the exception of the Mauritian species  X. amplexicaulis, from which it is distinguished by the distinctly petiolate leaves that are rounded to truncate at the base. The distinctive floral structure led to the initial description of both species in the genus  Annonaby Lamarck (1786), and was the basis for segregating them in a new section  Pseudanonawhen Baillon (1864)transferred them from  Annonato  Xylopia. Additional floral characters that place both species securely in  Xylopiainclude axillary inflorescences, septate anthers, and a well-developed staminal cone surrounding the ovaries. The phylogenetic analysis of Stull et al.(2017)showed  X. lamarckiinested well within the Xylopiaclade on the basis of molecular data. Apart from the nature of the leaf base,  X. lamarckiiand  X. amplexicaulisare similar, and in fact some specimens of  X. lamarckiihave a relatively short petiole and a subcordate base of the leaf blade. Both species have been reported from Nouvelle Découverte ( Bojer 1837), the Perrier Nature Preserve near Mare aux Vacoas, Grand Port, and Gaulettes Serrées. As indicated by the report of Aublet (1775),  X. lamarckiiwas also once common in the vicinity of Port Louisand Moka. As part of a larger study of pollinator webs in Black RiverGorges National Park in Mauritius, Kaiser (2006, Kaiser-Bunbury et al.2009) examined floral phenology and floral visitors for  Xylopia lamarckii. He documented the narrow flowering period from December to January, and noted that fruit set was not observed. Floral visitors includ- ed only one species of ant and one species of Chrysomelid beetle, both introduced and both found on flowers of a wide range of species at the study site. The flowers have a fruity-spicy odor ( Lorence 2225). The habitat in the pollinator study site was dwarf forest dominated by Ericaand Phylicaspp., with emergent Sideroxylonand Calophyllumspp., an endangered habitat on the island. The provenance of the typematerial of  Annona grandifloraLamarckis uncertain. Lamarck (1786)cited the Commerson collections he examined as having come from Madagascarand La Réunion(“isle de Bourbon”). Specimens at P collected by Commerson are labeled as coming from La Réunionand Mauritius(“isle de france”). Because  X. lamarckiihas never been collected again from either La Réunionor Madagascar, those attributions are set aside as labeling errors, as has been concluded previously ( Cavaco & Keraudren 1958, Keraudren-Aymonin 1980).  Lamarck (1786)described the fruit and seeds: “Le fruit est médiocre, ovoïde, à écorce glabre, légérement ponctuée ou chagrinée. Il contient des semences oblongues, pointues, tranchantes du côte intérieur, avec deux faces applaties, convexes & plus épaisses sur leur dos; ces semences sont disposées en petit nombre dans la longueur du fruit, & enveloppées d’une pulpe médiocre”. Dunal (1817; Fig. 10[26, 27]) illustrated a single sessile ovoid monocarp, with the calyx persistent around its base, and a longitudinal section of the fruit showing five depressions in which the seeds sat. The seed illustrated (Fig. 10[31]) is narrowly obovoid, smooth, truncate at one end and pointed at the other. He did not, however, identify the source material for the drawings. It is possible that the dimensions given by Keraudren-Aymonin (1980) for the fruit, “d’environ 3.5 × 0.8 cm”, and for the seed, “longues de 11-12 mm”, were estimated from this drawing. Fruits and seeds are not attached to any of the specimens we examined. The name An[ n] ona grandiflora* madagascariensisof Persoon was based on a specimen in the Jussieu Herbarium that we have not located. The name is listed as a synonym of  X. lamarckiibecause past authors ( Dunal 1817, Keraudren-Aymonin 1980) have attributed it that way, but we were not able to confirm the identification. The short diagnosis, “fol. ovatis coriaceis integerrimis lucidis”, does not provide adequate details for confirmation.  Baker (1877)gave a brief, but validating, description of  Annona pyriformis, a nomen nudumlisted by Bojer (1837). With the exception of the statement that the inner and outer petals are subequal, the description conforms to that of  X. lamarckii, and Keraudren-Aymonin (1980) placed the name in synonymy. Type material has not been found, although a specimen at BM, BM000510673, is stated on the label as having come from the Bojer herbarium. The only plant name given on the label, however, is “ Anona grandifloraDC. Prod.” This specimen does not seem supportable as a lectotypeof  A. pyriformiswithout additional information. The specimens from the Lambert Herbarium now at BM have no indication of the collector, but according to Miller (1970)there were specimens in the Lambert Herbarium collected in Mauritiusby Colebrooke, Hardwicke, Hilsenberg (part of Sieber collection), and A. Michaux. Both specimens have the name “ Michelia rufinervisDecand. Syst.” Written in faint pencil at the bottom; this name was based on a specimen collected from a cultivated plant in Mauritiusby Commerson ( Candolle 1817). 2632071416 P Isle de Bourbon 29 28 P0034246, P0034247 1 Isle de Bourbon lectotype 2632071618 [403,651,1194,1219] 29 28 2632071727 Madagasc Madagasc 29 28 1 type 2632071646 Mauritius Mauritius 29 28 1 type 2632071757 29 28 2632071697 1924-01-15 Bijoux Vuillemin 29 28 1 Moka 2632071734 1863-07-17 Blackburn & Bojer Nouvelle Decouverte 29 28 1 Moka 2632071610 BM Bojer Mauritii 29 28 1 Moka 2632071687 29 28 2632071548 1933-01-31 MAU Duhamel Grand Bassin 29 28 1 Moka 2632071481 MAU Duljeet Crown Land Perrier 29 28 1 Moka 2632071579 1862-02 Dupont & Ayres Ripailles 29 28 1 Moka 2632071768 1971-05 Friedmann 152 Ravine Cascade 29 28 1 Moka 2632071645 29 28 2632071382 Herb. & Drake & Herbarium Richard Ile de France 29 28 1 Moka 2632071670 MAU Herb. R. Botanic Gardens Pamplemousse & Bouton & Bijoux 29 28 1 Moka 2632071721 1973-01-06 MO, WAG D. S. A. WIJESUNDARA & Lorence M 610 Petrin Nature Reserve 29 28 1 Moka 2632071357 1978-12-12 MAU, MO, US Lorence Petrin Nature Reserve 29 28 1 Moka 2632071633 1978-12-28 MAU, MO Lorence Perrier Nature Preserve 600 Vacoas Mare 29 28 1 Moka 2632071640 [476,1248,217,2029] 1979-05-19 MAU Lorence 425 Gaulettes Serrees 29 28 1 Moka 2632071790 1979-06-01 MAU Lorence 600 Central Plateau Brise Fer 29 28 1 Moka 2632071530 [813,1451,270,294] 1972-02-24 MAU Owadally Petrin Nature Reserve 29 28 1 Moka 2632071333 [813,1451,296,320] 1971-02-17 MAU Vaughan Perrier Nature Reserve 29 28 1 Moka 2632071547 [813,1274,322,347] BM La Villebague & Wallich 29 28 1 Moka 2632071778 BM Wallich Grand Port 29 28 1 Grand Port 2632071701 BM Lambert 29 28 1 Grand Port