Pteranthias longimanus Weber 1913: 209 Plectranthias longimanus Allen & Russell 1986: 85 Paxton et al. 1989: 507 Allen et al. 2006: 990 Moore et al. 2014: 182 Anderson 2018: 30 Parenti & Randall 2020: 26 Review of Australian species of Plectranthias Bleeker and Selenanthias Tanaka (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with descriptions of four new species Gill, Anthony C. Pogonoski, John J. Moore, Glenn I. Johnson, Jeffrey W. Zootaxa 2021 2021-01-26 4918 1 1 116  Anderson 2018: 30  4K3Z3 (Weber) Weber 1913 [151,573,618,645] Actinopterygii Serranidae Plectranthias Animalia Perciformes 76 77 Chordata species longimanus   Figures 3A, 5B, 31–32; Tables 1–16, 24  Common name: Longfin Perchlet      Pteranthias longimanus  Weber 1913: 209, fig. 54 ( typelocality: Paternoster Islands, Indonesia).    Plectranthias longimanus.—  Allen & Russell 1986: 85(checklist, Scott Reef).—  Paxton et al.1989: 507(checklist).—  Allen et al.2006: 990(checklist).—  Moore et al.2014: 182(checklist).—  Anderson 2018: 30(checklist).—  Parenti & Randall 2020: 26(checklist). — Moore et al.2020: appendix 1 (checklist).   Diagnosis.The following combination of characters distinguishes  P. longimanusfrom all other congeners: dorsal rays X,12–15; fourth dorsal spine longest; pectoral rays 12–13, all rays unbranched; lateral line incomplete, with 10–17 tubed scales; greatest body depth 32.3–39.9 % SL.   Remarks.A small  Plectranthiasspecies (largest known specimen 29 mmSL; Heemstra & Randall 2009),  P. longimanusis known in Australiafrom the Timor Sea, Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea and southern Queensland( Figure 32). Elsewhere it ranges widely throughout the Indo-west Pacific, from the east African coast to Tonga( Heemstra & Randall 2009, Randall et al.2003). In their table 1 for western Indian Ocean  Plectranthias, Heemstra & Randall (2009)gave a count of 15 branched caudal-fin rays for this species. In their account for the species, however, they gave a range of 13–15 branched caudal rays. All specimens examined by us had 13 (7+6) branched caudal rays.  We add the following new observations: scales with peripheral cteni; vertebrae 10+16, rarely 10+17; supraneurals 2; predorsal formula 0/0/2/1+1; dorsal pterygiophores in interneural spaces 9–13 1/1/1+1/1+1/1; no trisegmental pterygiophores associated with dorsal fin; terminal dorsal pterygiophore in interneural space 17; no trisegmental pterygiophores associated with anal fin; terminal anal pterygiophore in interhaemal space 5; ribs present on vertebrae 3 through 9–10; epineurals present on vertebrae 1 through 8–10; hypurals 1 and 2 represented by undifferentiated plate, other hypurals and parhypural autogenous ( Figure 5B); well-developed hypurapophysis on parhypural; epurals 3; single uroneural (posterior uroneural absent); ventral tip of cleithrum with well-developed posteroventral process; proximal tip of first anal-fin pterygiophore near distal tips of parapophyses on vertebra 10. Morphometric data are summarised in Table 24.    Plectranthias longimanusis very similar to  P. nanusin coloration and most morphometric and meristic features. They are apparently unique within the genus in having hypurals 1 and 2 present as an undifferentiated plate ( Figure 5B). This potential synapomorphy has not been found in other examined  Plectranthiasspecies, where instead the two hypurals are autogenous ( Figure 5A). The two species are distinguished from each other by the following characters: number of pectoral rays ( 12–13 in  P. longimanusversus 14–15, rarely 13 in  P. nanus); number of tubed scales in the lateral line (12–17 versus 15–21); number of circumpeduncular scales (12 versus 12–15, usually 14); degree of development of serrations on the interopercle and subopercle (bones with 2–6 and 2–7 conspicuous serrations, respectively, versus each bone with 0–2 weak serrations; Figure 3); and body depth (greatest body depth 32.3–39.9 % SL and body depth at anal origin 27.1–32.0 % SL versus 29.4–33.3 % SL and 24.6–27.2 % SL, respectively). The two species also differ slightly in coloration. In particular,  P. nanusis distinguished in having a pale bar on the caudal-fin base, edged posteriorly with a dark bar (or series of short bars). In contrast,  P. longimanushas two dark basal spots on the caudal fin, which are edged dorsally and ventrally by pale spots (cf. Figures 31and 39; see also Kawaji et al.2019: fig. 4). As noted by Randall (1980), the two species appear to have different habitat requirements:  P. longimanusappears to be found mostly around continental areas or larger islands, whereas  P. nanusis restricted to smaller oceanic islands and reefs. However, the two species overlap in distribution in Australiaon the Great Barrier Reef and northern Coral Sea and have been collected from the same rotenone stations (e.g. at Osprey Reef and Boot Reef, Coral Sea).   Material examined.   Australia. AMSI.19445-095, 2: 22.1–22.7 mmSL, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, channel between Yongeand Carter Reefs, 14°35′S, 145°36′E,  15 m,  AMSteam,  8 Nov 1975;  AMSI.19472-121, 3: 22.6–24.2 mmSL (radiographs only), Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, north end of YongeReef, 14°35′S, 145°36′E,  7–15 m,  AMSteam,  23 Nov 1975;  AMSI.22576-013, 2: 25.7–26.4 mmSL, Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Escape Reef, middle of back reef edge, 15°50′S, 145°50′E, coral bommie on sand,  34 m,  AMSteam,  27 Oct 1981; AMSI.22613-016, 2: 17.0– 24.8 mmSL,  AMSI.22613-052, 20.3 mmSL (subsequently cleared and stained), Queensland, Great Barrier Reef, Escape Reef North, back reef floor, 15°49′S, 145°50′E, coral and sand,  27 m,  AMSteam,  1 Nov 1981;  AMSI.33711-062, 22.3 mmSL, far northern Great Barrier Reeflagoon, 1–2 nautical miles from outer reef, 10°34.48′S, 143°35.28′E,  14–15 m,  AMSteam,  16 Jan 1993;  AMSI.33715-110, 24.7 mmSL, Coral Sea, Ashmore Reef, southeast corner of lagoon, 10°26.66′S, 144°26.82′E,  12–17 m,  AMSteam et al.,  17 Jan 1993;  NTMS.11373- 034, 25.4 mmSL, Western Australia, Scott Reef, east of Sandy Islet, 14°04′S, 121°47′E,  22–25 m, B.C. Russell,  8 Sep 1984;  NTMS.11387-010, 14.9 mmSL, Western Australia, North Reef, east side, north of passage, 13°15′S, 121°54′E,  7–22 m, B.C. Russell,  12 Sep 1984;  NTMS.13410-001, 18.2 mmSL, Western Australia, Cartier Reef, 12°31.4′S, 123°33.3′E,  12–23 m, J. Short,  7 May 1992;  WAMP.28534-021, 22.8 mmSL, Great Barrier Reef, Ribbon Reefs, 14°58′S, 145°44′E,  25–40 m, G.  R. Allen,  13 Nov 1985.  Additional specimens identified for distribution information.  AMSI.20937-027, 9.7 mmSL, Queensland, Haggerstone Island, 12°02′E, 143°17′E,  2–5 m,  AMSteam,  20 Feb 1979;  AMSI.25107-071, 5: 13.6–17.0 mm SL, Coral Sea, Osprey Reef, west edge dropoff ( 13°56′S 146°34′E),  10–25 m,  AMSteam,  6 Nov 1984;  AMSI.30465- 048, 2: 15.1–22.0 mm SL, Coral Sea, Holmes Reef, lee side, 16°30.5′S, 149°30.0′E, patch reef,  3–10 m, AMSTeam;  AMSI.33728-083, 4: 11.9–18.1 mmSL, Coral Sea, Ashmore Reef, northeast side, 10°09.52′S, 144°35.44′E, outer slope,  4–24 m,  AMSteam,  25 Jan 1993;  AMSI.33747-053, 2: 10.0–16.0 mm SL, Coral Sea, Boot Reef, 09°58.70′S, 144°42.52′E, coral, sand and rubble,  23–30 m,  AMSteam,  27 Jan 1993;  AMSI.33751-053, 20.0 mm SL, Coral Sea, Portlock Reef, east side of eastern reef in southern group, 09°35.19′S, 144°48.62′E, steep slope with coral,  5–31 m,  AMSteam,  29 Jan 1993;  QMI.36357, 25.5 mmSL, Queensland, off Bunker Group, 23°49.5′S, 152°19.5′E, epibenthic sled,  50 m, Seabed Biodiversity Team,  23 May 2004;  QMI.37740, 28.8 mmSL, Queensland, Stradbroke Island, off Point Lookout, Manta Ray Bommie, 27°25′S, 153°33′E, rotenone,  7–11 m, J. Johnson& M. Ekins,  14 Dec 2005. 3026471419 [400,576,759,783] Indonesia Paternoster Islands 76 77 1 3026471302 AMS Australia Great Barrier Reef 15 -14.583333 Carter Reefs 1287 145.6 Yonge 78 79 1 Queensland 3026471320 [915,1185,1260,1287] 1975-11-08 AMS Australia 78 79 1 3026471308 AMS Australia 11 -14.583333 Yonge 1287 145.6 Great Barrier Reef 78 79 1 Queensland 3026471442 [246,527,1332,1359] 1975-11-23 AMS Australia 78 79 1 3026471471 AMS Australia 34 -15.833333 Escape Reef 1284 145.83333 Great Barrier Reef 78 79 1 Queensland 3026471531 [1081,1364,1368,1394] 1981-10-27 AMS Australia 78 79 1 3026471483 AMS Australia 27 -15.816667 Escape Reef North 1284 145.83333 Great Barrier Reef 78 79 1 Queensland 3026471333 1981-11-01 AMS Australia 78 79 1 3026471508 AMS Australia 15 -10.574667 northern Great Barrier Reef 13 143.588 78 79 1 3026471429 [554,829,1512,1538] 1993-01-16 AMS Australia 78 79 1 3026471346 AMS Australia 15 -10.444333 Ashmore Reef 13 144.447 Coral Sea 78 79 1 3026471511 [923,1256,1548,1574] 1993-01-17 AMS Australia 78 79 1 3026471354 1984-09-08 NTM B. C. Russell Australia 24 -14.066667 Sandy Islet 1289 121.78333 Scott Reef 78 79 1 Western Australia 3026471414 1984-09-12 NTM B. C. Russell Australia 15 -13.25 North Reef 1291 121.9 78 79 1 Western Australia 3026471373 1992-05-07 NTM J. Short Australia 18 -12.523334 Cartier Reef 129 123.555 78 79 1 Western Australia 3026471339 WAM Australia 33 -14.966666 Reefs 1286 145.73334 Great Barrier Reef 78 79 1 3026471427 [639,896,1728,1755] 1985-11-13 R Australia Allen 78 79 1 3026471476 AMS 4 Queensland 143.28334 Haggerstone Island 78 79 1 3026471407 [689,968,1800,1826] 1979-02-20 AMS 78 79 1 3026471481 AMS 18 -13.933333 Coral Sea 1289 146.56667 Osprey Reef 78 79 1 3026471390 [988,1262,1836,1862] 1984-11-06 AMS 78 79 1 3026471315 AMS 7 -16.508333 Coral Sea 127 149.5 Holmes Reef 78 79 1 3026471411 AMS Ashmore and Cartier Islands 14 -10.158667 Coral Sea 13 144.59067 Reef 78 79 1 3026471331 [319,589,1944,1971] 1993-01-25 AMS Ashmore and Cartier Islands 78 79 1 3026471382 AMS Ashmore and Cartier Islands 27 -9.978333 Coral Sea 13 144.70866 Boot Reef 78 79 1 3026471450 [671,942,1980,2006] 1993-01-27 AMS Ashmore and Cartier Islands 78 79 1 3026471507 AMS Ashmore and Cartier Islands 18 -9.5865 Coral Sea 13 144.81033 Portlock Reef 78 79 1 3026471352 [151,432,151,177] 1993-01-29 AMS Ashmore and Cartier Islands 79 80 1 3026471499 2004-05-23 QM Seabed Biodiversity Team Ashmore and Cartier Islands 50 -23.825 Queensland 125 152.325 Bunker Group 79 80 1 3026471405 2005-12-14 QM J. Johnson & M. Ekins Ashmore and Cartier Islands Manta Ray Bommie 9 -27.416666 Queensland 1237 153.55 Point Lookout 79 80 1