Hemiancistrus arenarius Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 185 Chaetostomus bachi Boulenger, 1898: 425 The genus Peckoltia with the description of two new species and a reanalysis of the phylogeny of the genera of the Hypostominae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) Armbruster, Jonathan W. Zootaxa 2008 2008-07-14 1822 1 1 76 75VVJ [151,337,991,1017] Actinopterygii Loricariidae Peckoltia Animalia Siluriformes 6 7 Chordata species bachi  ( Figs. 2aand 3–4)      Hemiancistrus arenarius Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 185, pl. 6 (fig. 2). Type locality: Yurimaguas. Holotype: CAS 77323.  Chaetostomus bachi Boulenger, 1898: 425, pl. 41 (fig. 1).  Typelocality: Rio Jurua, an affluent of the Amazons, Brazil.    Holotype: BMNH 1897.12.1.61.  Peckoltichthys filicaudatus Miranda Ribeiro, 1917: 49. Type locality: Fluvio Solimes[ Brazil].  Holotype: MNRJ 969.  Hemiancistrus ucayalensis Fowler, 1940: 235, figs. 24–25. Type locality: Ucayali River, Contamana, Peru. Holotype:  ANSP68651.  Material examined:All collections Río Amazonas drainage (except ICNMNH7955): BRAZIL, Unknown state:  BMNH 1897.12.1.61, Holotype, 1, 95.0, Rio Juruá; MNHNA-1968, 1, 78.2, RíoAmazonas, col. by Jobert;  MNRJ 969, Holotypeof  Peckoltia filicaudata, 1, 97.6, RioSolimões, col. by Alt. Machado da Silva. BRAZIL, Acre:  MCP35511, 1, Riozinho do Rola, tributary to Rio Acre, itself a tributary to Rio Purus, Rio Branco, 10°02’50”S, 068°18’39”W, L. Juno,  22–23 June 2003;  MZUSP 50506, 1, Foz do Caipora, Rio Juruá, Coleção Reserva Extrativista Alto Juruá,  19 July 1994;  MZUSP 50507, 1, Foz do Tejo, Rio Juruá, Coleção Reserva Extrativista Alto Juruá,  15 July 1994.  BRAZIL, Amazonas:  MCP33228, 1, 93.8, Praia Caborini, confluence with Rios Solimõesand Japurá, 03°09’34”S, 064°46’35”, col. by W. Crampton,  12 February 2001;  MZUSP 24611, 1, Rio Purus, Açaituba, col. by P.E. Vanzolini,  26 December 1974;  MZUSP 56113, 1, Rio Solimões, 29.6 kmbelow the Juruá, 02°35’55”S, 065°30’57”W, col. by J.P. Sullivan et al.,  5 November 1993;  MZUSP 56282, 1, Rio Juruá,  10.2 kmbelow Lago Pauapixuna, 02°41’07”S, 065°48’27”W, col. by J.P. Sullivan et al.,  7 November 1993;  MZUSP 57950, 1, Rio Purus,  13 kmbelow Lago do Estopa, col. by Langeani et al.,  27 July 1996;  MZUSP 74235, 1, Beach of Rio Solimões, at Ilha Muratu, in front of the mouth of Lago Januacá, col. by Alpha Helix Expedition,  6–25 January 1977.   COLOMBIA, Amazonas: ICNMNH 2584, Grammalote, L.F. Jimenez,  July 1992;  ICNMNH 9101, Puerto Nariño, Laguna Loreto Yacu, P. Cala,  January 1972.  COLOMBIA, Meta, ICNMNH 7955, Río Meta– Río Orinoco Drainage, Quebrada La Quinchalera, Rio Upiabasin, San Luis de Gacero.  COLOMBIA, Putumayo, Puerto Leguizamo, Río Caquetábasin, collected by Proyecto Ornamentales del Amazonas,  October 2005.   ECUADOR, Napo: FMNH 103265, 1, 92.4, Rio  Napoat Destacamento Tiputini, 00°47'S, 075°33'00"W, col. by D. Stewart, M. Ibarra, and R. Barriga,  28 October 1981;  FMNH 103266, 1, 85.7, Rio Aguaricoat Destacamento Zancudoand mouth of quebrada Zancudococha, Río  Napo Basin, 00°33'S, 075°30'W, col. by D. Stewart, M. Ibarra, and R. Barriga,  26 October 1983.   FIGURE 2.Live pictures of A.  Peckoltia bachi, AUM45592, B.  Peckoltia braueri, AUM38882, C.  Peckoltia brevis, D.  Peckoltia cavatica, UG/CSBD 11043, holotype, E.  Peckoltia lineola, paratype, F.  Peckoltia vittata, AUM39313. Photographs by N.K. Lujan (A) and M.H. Sabaj (B-F).  PERU, Amazonas: ANSP68652, Paratypesof  Peckoltia ucayalensis, 2, Río Ucayalibasin near Contamana, col. by W.C. Morrow, July 1937; LACM36318–2, 3, 1 cs, 82.5–98.3, La Poza, stream 1 kmN, Río Marañon basin, col. by T. Justice, 12 October 1979; LACM36325–1, 4, 1 cs, 89.7–100.6, La Poza. stream 1 kmN, Río Marañon basin, col. by T. Justice, 18 October 1979; LACM41906–3, 1, 93.2, Caterpiza, Río Marañon basin, col. by M.P. Achamposh, 25 July 1979. PERU, Loreto: AUM29578, 1, 81.2, Caño Saccarita, probably ca. 35 min. upstream by boat from the mouth of Tonche Caño, 03°36’50”S, 072°10’55”W, col. by D.M. Schleser, 1 June 1999; CAS77323, Holotypeof  P. arenaria, and CAS77324, Paratypeof  P. arenaria, Río Huallaga, Yurimaguas, col. by W. R. Allen, November 1920; Río Huallaga, Yurimaguas, col. by W. R. Allen, November 1920; CAS77325, Paratypeof  P. arenaria, Río Alto Marañon below Pastaza, col. by W. R. Allen, October 1920; CAS77326, Paratypeof  P. arenaria, Río Amazonas, Iquitos, col. by W. R. Allen, September 1920; INHS39970, 1, 108.4, Río Itaya ca. 4–5 kmupstream from Iquitos (Belém), above mouth of Quebrada Mazana, 03°47’71”S, 073°17’29”W, col. by B.M. Burr, M.H. Sabaj, J.W. Armbruster, M. Hardman, R.L. Powell, and R.E. Weitzell, 8 August 1996; INHS40010, 1, 72.0, Caño Zapatilla ca. 10 min. upstream by boat from Río Orosa, 76.4 miE Iquitos, 03°32’47”S, 072°09’22”W, col. by M.H. Sabaj, J.W. Armbruster, M. Hardman, and F. Rios Tuluvea, 14 August 1996; INHS44127, 1, 69.1, Río Napo and creek at Mazan, 33.3 kmNE Iquitos, 03°29’33”S, 073°05’12”W, col. by M.H. Sabaj, J.W. Armbruster, M.W. Littman, 2 August 1997; SIUC29317, 1, 98.5, Río Napo at Mazan, 33.3 kmNE Iquitos, 03°29’33”S, 73°05’12”W, col. by M.W. Littman, M.H. Sabaj, and J.W. Armbruster, 1 August 1997; MNRJ3962, 1, 77.3, Río Ampiyacu near Pebas, col. by W. G. Scherer, 28 February 1940; MNRJ3963, 1, 77.3, Río Ampiyacú near Pebas, col. by W.G. Scherer; USNM124885, 1, 104.6, Río Ampiyacu, col. by W. G. Scherer; USNM329590, 1, 67.2, Maynas Province, Arcadia, Río Napo, quebrada Isla, col. by F. Chang et al., 3 November 1993. AQUARIUM SPECIMEN: INHS40916, 1 cs (not measured).   Diagnosis:  Peckoltia bachiis diagnosed by one unique characteristic: presence of deep pockets ventrally on the pelvic girdle for the insertion of hypertrophied pelvic adductor muscles. In whole specimens, this results in the ability to fold the pelvic fins ventrally such that the pelvic-fin spines run parallel with the ventral surface body. In addition,  P. bachican be diagnosed by the homoplasic characteristic of the presence of widened pelvic-fin spines.   Peckoltia bachican be identified from all other  Peckoltiaby the presence of widened pelvic-fin spines, enlarged plates on the abdomen ( Fig. 4), eye low on the head ( Fig. 3–4), and opercle generally with a patch of odontodes at all ages (vs. opercle maximally with a single row of odontodes with odontodes disappearing with size).  Peckoltia bachican be identified from all other  Peckoltiaexcept  P. caenosaby being mottled (vs. the presence of dorsal saddles or spots), and it can be identified from  P. caenosaby having diffuse, large spots on the head and the abdomen without markings (vs. head and abdomen with vermiculations).   Description:Morphometrics in Table 1, counts based on 30 individuals unless otherwise stated. Largest specimen examined 108.4 mmSL. Body stout and fairly wide. Head and nape gently sloped to insertion of dorsal fin. Parieto-supraoccipital with slight rounded crest. Dorsal profile sloped ventrally to dorsal procurrent caudal-fin spines, then inclined steeply to caudal fin. Ventral profile flat to caudal fin. Supraorbital ridge rounded, continuing to anterolateral corner of anterior nare. Mesethmoid raised slightly above lateral surface of snout to form slight ridge. Head contours smooth. Eye relatively large, set low on head. Interorbital space slightly convex; supraorbital ridge just slightly higher than interorbital space. Keels absent. Mid-ventral plates bent at their midline above pectoral fin to form ridge. Dorsal plates bent dorsally below dorsal fin to form very slight ridges that converge at adipose fin, dorsal surface flat between ridges. Five rows of plates on caudal peduncle. Abdomen almost completely plated with fairly large platelets; fairly large naked area around insertion of pelvic fins. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed to form a platelike structure. A pair of lateral plates converging at midline between anus and exposed first anal-fin pterygiophore. 23–27 (mode 24) plates in the median series. Frontal, infraorbitals, nasal, compound pterotic, sphenotic, and parieto-supraoccipital, supporting odontodes; opercle usually supporting odontodes although some specimens lack odontodes on opercle. Posterodorsal corner of opercle covered by one or two plates in adults. Odontodes on lateral plates not enlarged to form keels. Hypertrophied cheek odontodes 11–44, longest reaching anterior border of compound pterotic. Cheek plates evertible to approximately 90° from head. Odontodes on tip of pectoral-fin spine slightly hypertrophied. Dorsal fin reaching preadipose plate when adpressed in some specimens; dorsal-fin spine not elongate. Dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped, dorsal-fin spine lock functional. Dorsal fin II,7. Adipose fin with one preadipose plate and moderately long spine. Caudal fin emarginate, lower lobe longer than upper, I,14,I ( one specimenI,13,I and one specimenwith caudal peduncle damage I,17,I) with three to six (N=29, mode four) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays and three to six (mode four) ventral procurrent-fin rays. Anal fin short with unbranched ray weak and approximately same length of first branched ray. Anal fin I,4. Pectoral-fin spine reaching slightly behind posterior insertion of pelvic fin when adpressed ventral to pelvic fin. Pectoral fin I,6 ( one specimenI,5). Pelvic fin reaching to middle of analfin when adpressed. Pelvic fin I,5.   FIGURE 3.Lateral views of types of species assigned to  Peckoltia bachi, A.  Hemiancistrus arenarius, CAS77323, holotype, ~80 mm SL; B.  Chaetostomus bachi,BMNH1897.12.1.61, holotype, C.  Peckoltichthys filicaudatus, MNRJ969, holotype, 97.6 mm SL; and D.  Peckoltia ucayalensisANSP68652, 85.2 mm SL. Photographs by the California Academy of Sciences Department of Ichthyology (A) and J.W. Armbruster (B-D).   TABLE 1.Selected morphometrics of  Peckoltia bachiand  P. braueri. Numbers in parentheses refer to landmark numbers in Armbruster (2003). Measurements are ratios of SL (predorsal l. to pelvic-dorsal l.) or head l. (head-eye l. to premaxillary tooth cup l.).      P. bachi   P. braueri  N Avg. SD Min. Max. N Avg. SD Min. Max.  SL (1-20) 31 89.9 11.5 67.2 108.4 49 75.7 17 39.8 103.9  Predorsal L. (1-10) 31 43.9 1.2 41.7 46.9 49 43.0 1.2 40.1 46.9  Head L. (1-7) 31 35.2 1.5 33.4 40.6 49 36.9 1.4 35.0 41.5  Head-dorsal L. (7-10) 31 8.7 1.1 5.0 10.4 49 6.2 1.0 4.0 8.3  Cleithral W. (8-9) 31 31.3 1.1 27.9 33.0 49 31.2 1.4 28.5 38.1  Head-pectoral L. (1-12) 31 29.7 1.4 24.6 31.8 49 26.4 1.7 24.0 31.1  Thorax L. (12-13) 31 20.9 1.8 18.1 28.7 49 24.5 1.9 20.3 29.7  Pectoral-spine L. (12-29) 30 32.7 1.8 29.4 36.7 49 32.4 1.6 28.8 35.6  Abdominal L. (13-14) 30 23.0 1.2 20.4 25.2 49 23.0 1.2 19.8 26.1  Pelvic-spine L. (13-30) 30 23.0 1.4 21.2 27.5 49 26.9 1.4 24.5 31.6  Postanal L. (14-15) 31 32.8 1.9 28.9 36.6 49 33.7 1.7 29.9 36.5  Anal-fin spine L. (14-31) 30 15.9 1.5 13.4 18.4 46 14.4 1.2 12.5 17.6  Dorsal-pectoral D. (10-12) 31 29.5 0.9 27.5 31.0 49 29.1 1.1 27.3 34.3  Dorsal spine L. (10-11) 23 36.3 2.2 29.4 39.4 48 34.4 2.0 30.2 38.6  Dorsal-pelvic D. (10-13) 31 25.6 1.5 23.1 29.2 49 25.4 1.6 21.3 28.7  Dorsal-fin base L. (10-16) 31 26.7 1.0 25.0 29.5 49 28.7 1.9 23.9 31.9  Dorsal-adipose D. (16-17) 31 18.4 2.2 12.4 21.9 49 14.8 1.6 11.0 19.3  Adipose-spine L. (17-18) 30 8.7 2.2 6.6 18.4 49 9.4 1.0 7.1 11.5  Adipose-up. caudal D. (17-19) 31 14.2 1.5 11.3 18.8 49 17.9 1.9 13.8 21.4  Caudal peduncle Dp. (15-19) 31 13.7 1.4 10.5 16.8 49 9.9 1.6 7.6 13.7  Adipose-low. caudal D. (15-17) 31 21.6 1.3 19.1 24.5 49 23.7 1.4 20.8 27.9  Adipose-anal D. (14-17) 31 21.7 1.5 18.6 25.0 49 19.3 1.7 14.4 21.9  Dorsal-anal D. (14-16) 31 17.6 1.1 13.3 19.2 49 16.8 1.0 14.3 19.0  Pelvic-dorsal D. (13-16) 31 26.9 2.0 23.0 30.8 49 26.5 1.9 21.5 28.9  Head-eye L. (5-7) 31 44.7 2.4 38.5 47.9 49 37.6 1.8 33.9 42.9  Orbit Dia. (4-5) 31 19.3 1.2 16.2 21.2 49 21.9 1.9 19.7 27.1  Snout L. (1-4) 31 61.7 2.3 53.9 64.5 49 58.5 2.5 49.8 62.9  Internares W. (2-3) 31 21.0 2.0 15.5 24.0 49 14.2 1.6 10.3 18.1  Interorbital W. (5-6) 31 60.8 6.0 51.5 71.0 49 47.5 3.8 38.7 53.7  Head Dp. (7-12) 31 72.3 2.8 66.9 76.0 49 70.9 1.9 66.3 75.9  Mouth L. (1-24) 30 50.2 2.9 44.1 56.3 49 48.2 2.7 40.9 52.9  Mouth W. (21-22) 30 42.4 2.6 38.0 48.2 49 47.7 3.9 37.5 53.8  Maxillary barbel L. (22-23) 30 11.2 1.9 6.8 15.2 49 16.2 2.0 9.5 20.8  Dentary tooth cup L. (25-26) 31 13.7 1.7 9.5 17.5 49 13.9 2.2 9.5 18.1  Premax. tooth cup L. (27-28) 31 12.5 1.4 9.6 15.5 49 13.8 2.3 5.7 16.5 Iris operculum present. Flap between anterior and posterior nares short. Lips wide, fairly thin. Upper lip with small, round papillae. Lower lip with medium-sized papillae anteriorly and smaller ones posteriorly. Maxillary barbel short, not reaching gill opening. Buccal papilla represented only by very small flap, never absent. Jaws narrow, dentaries forming angle just slightly greater than 90°, premaxillaries forming very shallow arc with overall angle less than 135°. Teeth with small, moderately narrow cusps, lateral cusp approximately half-length of medial cusp, stalks of teeth long, dentary and premaxillary teeth about equal in length; 13–25 dentary teeth (mode 22) and 11–22 premaxillary teeth (mode 19).   FIGURE 4.Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of  Peckoltia bachi, SIUC29317, 98.5 mm SL. Photographs by J.W. Armbruster.  Color:Base color tan with slightly darker markings on most specimens ( one specimenexamined with greater contrast). Head with large spots or mottling. Body mottled occasionally with four weak saddles. Dorsal-fin spines and rays with oblong spots; interradial membranes usually unmarked or with slightly darker spots. Pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins with slightly darker spots on spines and rays or unmarked. Caudal fin with dark spots combining to form bands that are wider than the light interspaces; bands darker on lower lobe. Abdomen and lower surface of caudal peduncle slightly lighter than sides.  Sexual Dimorphism:One specimen (presumably male) examined with hypertrophied odontodes on sides of body and posterior part of head. Hypertrophied odontodes becoming larger posteriorly, but lacking on caudal- and adipose-fin spines. No apparent increase in size of pectoral-fin spine odontodes.   FIGURE 5.Distribution of  Peckoltia bachi(circles) and  P. oligospila(diamonds). Open symbols are type localities. Symbols may represent more than one locality.  Range:  Peckoltia bachican be found throughout the upper Amazon and its tributaries in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru( Fig. 5). One specimen was found from the Río Metasystem near Villavicencio, Colombia. Given that no other specimens have been collected in the Orinoco basin, this collection is suspect. Villavicencio has been active in exporting fishes for a long time, and Armbruster (2005) suggested that a collection of  Lasiancistrus guacharote(endemic to the Lago Maracaibo basin) collected near Villavicencio was the result of aquarium release. This may also be the case for  P.bachi.  Habitat:  Peckoltia bachican be found at the edge of medium to large rivers among submerged twigs and grasses, usually in flow. The specimens I have collected appear to have been chased from the middle depths of submerged grasses and twigs as the seine was not fully on the bottom. This suggests that the hypertrophied pelvic muscles and widened pelvic-fin spines may be used to grasp the grasses and twigs. In morphology,  P. bachiis very similar to  Hypoptopomaof the Hypoptopomatinae, sharing the eye placed laterally on the head and the pelvic fins that can be adducted underneath the body.  Hypoptopomaalso will grasp submerged sticks with its pelvic-fins (pers. obs.).   Comments:There are some differences in intensity of pigmentation of specimens of  Peckoltia bachi, but there is nothing to suggest that the species needs to be broken up. The typesare all very similar, and nothing could be found to differentiate the various populations. Although the morphology of the species is quite different from any other hypostomine, the recognition of a separate genus for  P. bachiat this time is without adequate justification. If it were to be recognized as a separate genus, it would be  Peckoltichthys. [782,1432,1162,1185] Brazil Rio Jurua Amazons 6 7 1 BMNH Brazil Fluvio Solimes 6 7 BMNH 1897.12 1 holotype MNRJ Peru Contamana 6 7 MNRJ 969 1 Ucayali holotype MNHN Rio & Jobert Rio Jurua 6 7 BMNH 1897.12 1 holotype Ansp Rio Brazil Alt. Machado da Silva. 6 7 MNRJ 969 1 Acre holotype MCP 35511 2003-06-22 2003-06-23 2003-06-22 MCP L. Juno Brazil Riozinho do Rola -10.047223 Rio Purus 21 -68.31084 Rio 6 7 1 1 Acre holotype 1994-07-19 Ansp Colecao Reserva Extrativista Alto Jurua Brazil Rio Jurua Foz do Caipora 6 7 MZUSP 50506, 1 1 Acre holotype 1994-07-15 Ansp Colecao Reserva Extrativista Alto Jurua Brazil Rio Jurua Foz do Tejo 6 7 MZUSP 50507, 1 1 Acre holotype [722,974,1602,1628] Ansp Amazonas Brazil BRAZIL 6 7 1 holotype MCP 33228 2001-02-12 MCP W. Crampton Brazil Praia Caborini -3.1594446 Japura Rios Solimoes 6 7 1, 93.8 1 holotype [151,1149,1682,1708] 1974-12-26 Ansp Acaituba & P. E. Vanzolini Brazil Rio Purus 6 7 MZUSP 24611, 1 1 holotype 1993-11-05 Ansp J. P. Sullivan Brazil -2.598611 Jurua 21 -65.51583 Rio Solimoes 6 7 MZUSP 56113, 1 1 holotype 1993-11-07 Ansp J. P. Sullivan Brazil -2.685278 Rio Jurua 21 -65.8075 6 7 MZUSP 56282, 1 1 holotype 1996-07-27 Ansp Langeani Brazil Rio Purus 6 7 MZUSP 57950, 1 1 holotype 1977-01-06 1977-01-25 1977-01-06 Ansp Lago Januaca & Alpha Helix Expedition Brazil Ilha Muratu Beach of Rio Solimoes 6 7 MZUSP 74235, 1 1 holotype [198,1149,1922,1948] 1992-07 ICNMNH Grammalote, L. F & Jimenez Colombia Amazonas 6 7 ICNMNH 2584 1 1972-01 ICNMNH Laguna Loreto Yacu, P & Cala Colombia Puerto 6 7 ICNMNH 9101 1 Narino ICNMNH Colombia Rio Quebrada La Quinchalera Rio Orinoco Drainage 6 7 ICNMNH 7955 1 Meta 2005-10 Colombia 7 8 Rio Puerto Leguizamo 6 7 1 Putumayo [198,772,192,218] FMNH Rio Ecuador Napo 7 8 FMNH 103265, 1, 92.4 1 Napo 1981-10-28 R D. Stewart & M. Ibarra & Barriga Ecuador -0.78333336 Destacamento Tiputini 925 -75.55 7 8 1 Napo FMNH Destacamento Zancudo & Zancudococha & Rio Ecuador Rio Aguarico 7 8 FMNH 103266, 1, 85.7 1 1983-10-26 R D. Stewart & M. Ibarra & Barriga Ecuador -0.55 Basin 1308 -75.5 7 8 1 Napo