Caesiomorus baillonii Lacepède, 1801
Caesiomorus quadripunctatus Rüppell, 1829:90
T. baillonii
Trachinotus oblongus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832:437
T. botla
T. baillonii
Trachynotus oblongus
Trachinotus quadripunctatus
T. baillonii
T. baillonii
Trachynotus baillonii
T. russelii
Trachinotus baillonii
Trachinotus bailloni
T. macrospilus
Trachinotus russelli
T. baillonii
Trachynotus cuvieri Wakiya, 1924:220
Trachynotus jordani Wakiya, 1924:221
T. baillonii
Trachinotus botla
Trachynotus bailloni
Indo-West Pacific species of Trachinotus with spots on their sides as adults, with description of a new species endemic to the Marquesas Islands (Teleostei: Carangidae)
Smith-Vaniz, William F.
Walsh, Stephen J.
Zootaxa
2019
2019-08-02
4651
1
1
37
57PC4
443730
Lacepede
Lacepede
[151,533,1279,1307]
Actinopterygii
Carangidae
Trachinotus
Animalia
Perciformes
10
11
Chordata
species
baillonii
Figures 2B, 5B, 6–11; Tables 1–6, 8
Caesiomorus baillonii Lacepède, 1801:92,93, pl. 3, fig. 1 (original description, based on description and figure in Commerson manuscript [ Smith-Vaniz et al., 1979:36; locality not stated but Fort Dauphin, near Tôlanaro, Madagascaraccording to Fricke et al., 2019; no typesknown); Whitley, 1948:20(Western Australia); Whitley, 1964:44(listed). Caesiomorus quadripunctatus Rüppell, 1829:90, pl. 24, fig. 1 (original description; Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea; holotypeSMF 2896); Smith, 1967:163(listed in synonymy of T. baillonii). Trachinotus oblongusCuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832:437(original description; Java, Indonesiaand Puducherry, India; syntypeMNHN A-6824 ( Pondicherry); Boulenger, 1888:661( Muscat, Oman); McCulloch, 1929:192(checklist Australian fishes; listed in synonymy of T. botla); Smith-Vaniz et al., 1979:29(listed as synonym of T. baillonii). Trachynotus oblongus. Günther, 1860:484( Pondicherry, Java and Sumatra). Trachinotus quadripunctatus. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832:434(redescription); Cantor, 1849:122(description; Sea of Penang); Günther, 1860:484(listed in synonymy of T. baillonii); Wakiya, 1924:220, pl. 34, fig. 2 (Kii, Japan); Smith, 1967:164(listed in synonymy of T. baillonii). Trachynotus baillonii. Günther, 1860:484(in part, T. russeliilisted in synonymy; Indiaand Malaysia); Day, 1865:98(Malabar); Playfair, 1868:861( Seychelles); Playfair and Günther, 1867:64(Aden and Zanzibar); Klunzinger, 1871:449(Red Sea); Day, 1875, 233, pl. 51A, fig. 4 (Aden and India); Alleyne and Macleay, 1877:330(New Guinea); Macleay, 1881:545(Port Jackson and Torres Straits); Fourmanoir, 1957:215, pl. 13A ( Madagascar). Trachinotus baillonii. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832:431(redescription); Boulenger, 1888:661( Muscat, Oman); Waite, 1903:25(Lord Howe Island); Waite, 1904:200(Lord Howe Island); Kendall and Goldsborough, 1911:271, pl. 2, fig. 1 ( Funafuti, Ellice Islands); Oshima, 1925:407(Taiwan); Fowler, 1928:152( Funafuti, Bonin and Society Islands); Mc- Culloch, 1929:182 (checklist Australian fishes); Fowler, 1934a:406( New Hebridesand Funafuti, after Whitley); Fowler, 1938:279(Malden, Christmas and Society islands, Bora Bora, Mangareva); Schultz, 1943:87(Enderbury and Canton islands); Fowler, 1949:78( Baker Island); Smith, 1967:163, pl. 37 ( Mozambiqueand Seychelles); Maugé, 1967:225( Toliara[=Tuléar], Madagascar); Klausewitz, 1967:66(Sarso Island, SaudiaArabia); Allen et al., 1976:401(Lord Howe Island); Schroeder, 1980:182, color fig. 265 ( Philippines); Gushiken, 1983:164( Okinawa); Gushiken in Masuda et al., 1984:154, color pl. 137-D (Japanese Archipelago); Dor, 1984:131(Red Sea); Masuda et al., 1984:154, pl. PL 137-D (southern Japan); Wass, 1984:15( Samoa); Talwar and Kacker, 1984:486( India); Kojima, 1985:10, fig. 3 (description of juveniles); Allen, 1985:2337, color fig. 192 (Kendrew Island, Dampier Archipelago); Smith-Vaniz, 1986:658, fig. 210.48 (Natal to Marshall Islands); Myers, 1988:144(Marianna Islands); Paxton et al., 1989:585(Zoological Catalogue of Australia); Winterbottom et al., 1989:35, fig. 193 (Chagos Archipelago); Manilo and Bogorodsky, 2003:S107 ( Oman, Gulf of Aden and Somali); Allen 2009:83, unnumbered color fig. ( Brunei); Francis, 1991:221, fig. 17 ( Norfolk Island, Cemetery Bay); Francis, 1993:161( Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands); Okiyama, 1993:465-466, unnumbered figs., 9.2 and 17.2 mmSL (description of early stage); Kulbicki and Williams, 1997:15(Ouvéa Atoll, New Caledonia); Randall, 1992:53, color fig. 111 ( Maldive Islands); Randall and Anderson, 1993:17( Maldive Islands); Randall, 1995:472, color fig. 470 (Gulf of Oman); Chen et al., 1997:listed in Appendix ( Spratly Islands); Lin and Shao, 1999:65, color figs. 79–80 (Taiwan); Fricke, 1999:257( Réunionand Mauritius); Randall and Lim, 2000(South ChinaSea); Smith-Vaniz, 1999:2745, unnumbered fig. (broadly distributed Indo-West Pacific species); Hutchins, 2001:33(Western Australia); Allen and Adrim, 2003:38(Indian Ocean and W. Java); Durville et al., 2003:99(Glorieuses Is., listed); Randall et al., 2003:15( Tongachecklist); Lobel and Lobel, 2004:71( WakeAtoll); Heemstra et al., 2004:3315 (Rodriques Island); Kuiter and Tonozuka, 2004:245, unnumbered color photographs; ( Maldivesand Bali); Letourneur et al., 2004:211( Reunion Islandchecklist); Randall, 2005:238, unnumbered color pl. (South Pacific); Kim et al., 2005: 313, unnumbered color photo ( Korea); Senou et al., 2006:456(Sagami Sea); Springer and Smith-Vaniz, 2008:31(supraneural and pterygiophore insertion patterns); Fricke et al., 2009:58( Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues); Kimura et al, 2009:126, unnumbered color fig. (southern Thailand); Rahman et al., 2009:226, unnumbered color photograph ( Bangladesh); Mundy et al., 2010:29(Howland and Baker islands); Motomura and Matsuura, 2010:117, color fig. 201 (Yaku-shima Island, southern Japan); Golani and Bogorodsky, 2010:30(Red Sea); Allen and Erdmann, 2012:439, unnumbered color fig. (East Indies); Rainboth et al., 2012:86, pl.68, color fig. 1420 (Binh Chang Bay, Viet Namand Gulf of Thailand); Abdussamad et al., 2013:25, color fig. 11 ( India); White et al., 2013:174, color fig. 63.44 ( Indonesia); Hussain and Jawad, 2014:254, color fig. 3 ( Iraq); Fricke et al., 2014:81( Papua New Guinea); Moore et al., 2014:186(Kimberly region, Australia); Psomadakis et al., 2015:230, pl. 17, color fig. 142 ( Pakistan); Ikeda and Nakabo, 2015:401, color pl. 137-8 (Minabe, southern Japan); Stuart-Smith et al., 2015:146, unnumbered color photograph; Australia); Koeda et al., 2016:38, color fig. 173 (Yonaguni-jima Island); Joshi et al., 2016:44(Gulf of Mannar, checklist); Fricke et al., 2018:187( Madagascarchecklist); Golani and Fricke, 2018:86(Gulf of Aqaba and Red Sea); Jawad et al., 2018:106, fig. 6F (Arabian Gulf); Kimura et al., 2018:138, unnumbered color fig. (Ha Long Bay, northern Vietnam); Fricke et al., 2019:149 ( New Ireland, Papua New Guinea). Trachinotus bailloni. Castelnau, 1879:352(listed; Port Jackson); Steindachner, 1902:22(southern Arabia and Socotra Island); Jordanand Seale, 1906:235(listed; Samoa); Jordanand Starks, 1907:495, fig. 2 (Naha, Okinawa); Jordanand Richardson, 1909:180(Takao, Formosa); Ogilby, 1916:149, pl. 18 (synonymy; Queensland Australia); Wakiya, 1924:219( Taiwan); Oshima, 1925:407( Philippines); McCulloch, 1929:182(checklist of Australian fishes); Weber and de Beaufort, 1931:288(synonymy; description; distribution); Herre, 1936:117(Malekula Island, New Hebrides); Roxas and Agco, 1941:66, pl. 11, fig. 2 ( Philippines); Blegvad and Løppenthin, 1944:103, fig. 57 (Larak Island, Iran); Smith, 1949:223, fig. 541 (rare in South Africa, reaches to Natal); Woods, 1953:509(Bikini Island, Eniwetok, Rongelap and Rongerik atolls and Guam); Herre, 1953:284(synonymy; Philippines); Munro, 1955:131, pl. 22, fig. 369 ( Ceylon); Munro, 1956:184(New Guinea); Williams, 1958:424, pl.26, fig. 26 (East Africa); Arnoult et al., 1958:67(Aldabra); Scott, 1959:66, unnumbered fig. (Malaya); Munro, 1960:133, fig. 850 ( Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland, Australia); Suzuki, 1962:151, fig. 51 (skeletal anatomy); Fourmanoir and Gueze, 1962:13( Réunion); Taylor, 1964:178(Arnhem Land, northern Australia); Schultz, 1966:163(Agfayan Point, Guam); Munro, 1967:233, pl. 26, fig. 392 (New Guinea); Smith and Smith, 1969:22, pl. 10, fig. G ( Seychelles); Lindberg and Krasyukova, 1969:196, fig. 223 (Sea of Japan); Bagnis et al., 1972:47, unnumbered color photo (misidentification, in part [upper photo = T. macrospilus]; Polynesia); Burgess and Axelrod, 1973:813, fig. 322 ( Maldives); Randall, 1973:189(Society Islands); Kailola, 1975:122(Baxter Bay and Daugo Island, Papua New Guinea); Fourmanoir and Laboute, 1976:181, unnumbered color fig. ( New Caledonia); Grant, 1978:218, unnumbered fig. (northern Queensland, Australia); Jones and Kumaran, 1980:290, fig. 246 ( Laccadive Islands); Russell, 1983:56(Capricorn group, Great Barrier Reef); Randall, 1985:472(Rapa and Society islands); Hutchins and Swainston, 1986:58, 130, fig. 287 ( Western Australiato New South Wales); Allen and Swainston, 1988:74, color fig. 457 (northwestern Australia); Allen & Steene, 1988:170, fig. 171 ( Christmas Island, Indian Ocean); Myers, 1989:132, fig. 1j ( Micronesia); Randall et al., 1990:168, pl. V-10(Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea); Randall et al., 1990:20 (Rapa); Allen and Smith-Vaniz, 1994:11(Cocos-Keeling); Sadovy and Cornish, 2000:108, unnumbered color photo ( Hong Kong); Larson et al., 2013:125( Northern Territory, Australia); Rajan et al., 2013:60(Andaman and Nicobar Is.). Trachinotus russelli(not of Cuvier). Jordanand Seale, 1906:235(listed, New Guinea; record unreliable, probably based on T. baillonii); Jordanand Richardson, 1909:180( Taiwan); Munro, 1955:131( Ceylon). Trachynotus cuvieri Wakiya, 1924:220(original description; Misaki, Japan; no typesknown). Trachynotus jordani Wakiya, 1924:221, pl. 35, fig. 1 (original description; Bonin Islands, Japanese seas; holotypeFMNH 59374); Fowler, 1934a:406(listed as synonym of T. baillonii). Trachinotus botla(not of Shaw). Fowler, 1934a:406(Guadalcanal, Solomon Island, after Whitley). Trachynotus bailloni. Bleeker, 1879:18( Mauritius); Baissac, 1952:69(Rodriques); Fourmanoir, 1957:215, pl. 13A ( Madagascar).
Type material examined. SMF 2896( 258 mmFL), dry mount, holotypeof Caesiomorus quadripunctatusRüppell, Massawa, Red Sea; MNHNA.6824 ( 117 mmFL), syntypeof Trachinotus oblongusCuvier, Pondicherry, India, Leschenaut; FMNH 59374( 323 mmFL), holotypeof Trachinotus jordani, Bonin(= Ogasawara) Islands, Japan. Other material examined. 361 specimens, 15–432 mmFL: Mozambique: SAIAB 11339(1, 283), Pinda( 14°13’S, 40°46’E). Chagos Archipelago: ANSP 152963(3, 299–328), ANSP 153004(4, 69–79), Diego Garcia Atoll; ROM37027 (2, 271–337), ROM37039 (2, 224–301), ROM37040 (2, 259–275), ROM37041 (18, 60–118); USNM 265653(4, 265–301). Mascarene Islands: Cargados Carajos Shoals(= St. Brandon Shoals) ( 16°35’S, 59°37’E): ROM37027 (2, 271–337), ROM37037 (1, 64), ROM37039 (2, 224–301), ROM37040 (2, 259–275), ROM37041 (18, 63–114), USNM 229490(2, 278–298), USNM 265653(4, 265–301), USNM 265654(1, 175) and USNM 444910(2, 46–51). Seychelles: ANSP 148763(1, 205) and ANSP 131949(10, 223–329), Amirante Islands; ANSP 153036(1, 215), Curieuse Island; ANSP 131733(17, 36–50), ANSP 131734(14, 15–79), ANSP 148746(2, 101–104) and CAS58524 (6, 95–113), Mahé Island( 4°43’S, 55°28’E); SAIABuncat. (1, 227), Assumption Is.( 9°47’S, 46°31’E). Mauritius: BPBM 20273(3, 35–141) and MCZ 6071(2, 243–257). Gulfof Oman: BPBM 21446(1, 276), Muscat, Port Qaboosfish market. Pakistan: ANSP 172852(1, 160) and ANSP 172854(1, 82), Sonmiani Baynear Hab Rivermouth ( 24°53’N, 66°41’E); AMS I.40(1, 148), Karachi( 25°07’N, 63°48’E). India: ANSP 153042(1, 216), Porto Nova( 11°49’N, 79°76’E); BPBM 27614(1, 221), Kerala State, Kovalam. Cocos- Keeling Islands: ANSP 134305(12, 48–94). Sri Lanka: ANSP 148741(4, 141–170, including 2, 141–145 C&S), ANSP 151001(1, 320), ANSP 151101(9, 240–345), ANSP 158301(1, 189), ANSP 158302(1, 226) and CAS16479 (2, 226–237). Bay of Bengal: CAS44283 (1, 218), SW of Ranang. Singapore: CAS-SU 18037(1, 412). Myanmar: CAS-SU 39572(2, 124–138), Southern Moscos Group. Viet Nam: CAS32188 (18, 47–102), Binhchang Bay( 12°21’40”N, 109°15’38”E). Taiwan: FMNH 52144(1, 280), CAS-SU 13072(1, 252) and CAS-SU 20998(1, 163), Takao(= Kaohsiung). Japan: CAS-SU 21227(1, 164), Okinawa, Naha; FMNH 59496(1, 170), Kii; UMMZ 181499(1, 34 SL), Nagasaki; FMNH 59374(1, 325) and USNM 5703(4, 91–166), Ogasawara Islands. Marcus Island: BPBM 7048(1, 198). Thailand: CAS16367 (3, 308–337) and CAS32196 (1, 131), Gulf of Thailand( 10°25’51”N, 99°15’46”E). Indonesia: ANSP 153377(1, 203) and BPBM 29911(1, 204), Lombok( 08°06’S, 116°00’E); USNM 191874(1, 84), between Gillolo and Makyan Ids.; USNM 383045(1, 72), Moluccas, near Ambon( 03°37’S, 128°14’E). Philippines: CAS49636 (1, 268). Manila Bay; CAS-SU 13606(1, 265), Dumaguete; USNM 56203(1, 167), Mindano, Zamboanga; USNM 168319–20(2, 238–248), Baganga Bay; USNM 168321(1, 248), Cotabato Market; USNM 191878(3, 119–151), Masbate Island; USNM 191879(1, 145), Panay, Nogas Island; USNM 195238(2, 216–232), Matnog Bay; USNM 195239(1, 203), Pandanon Island; USNM 195240(1, 185), Ticao Island; USNM 438080(1, 200), Auroa Prov., Dinadiawa City Market( 15°02’S, 121°36’E); USNM 345997(1, 347), Iloilo Cityfish Mkt. Fiji: ANSP 149651(2, 258–260), near Suva. Western Australia: WAMP.29183–001 (1, 293), Coulomb Point( 17°21’S, 122°09’E); WAMP.24349–001 (1, 239), Kendrew Islands( 20°29’N, 116°32’E); NTMS.10813–002 (11, 77–142), Dampier Archipelago, Rosemary Island( 20°29’S, 133°36’E); WAMP.23968–9 (2, 112–148); WAMP.5573 (1, 189), Perthvicinity; WAMP.3093–001 (1, 195), Bunbury( 33°20’S, 116°36’E); AMS I.6996 (1, 99), Mandurah( 32°32’S, 115°43’E). N orthern Australia: AMS IA.1642 (1, 280), AMS IA.2564 (1, 240) and QMI.3978 (1, 223), Gulf of Carpentaria, Pellew Group( 15°33’S, 136°47’E); USNM 173951(1, 284), Gulf of Carpentaria, Groote Eylandt( 13°49’S, 136°38’E); NTMS.10588–001 (5, 200–292), New Year Island( 10°54’S, 133°02’E); NTMS.11287–001 (1, 207), East Woody Island. Eastern Australia: AMS I.11895 (1, 241), Torres Strait, Murray Island( 09°56’S, 144°04’E); QMI.11242 (1, 111), north Cairns, Turtle Bay; AMS I.13954 (1, 292), AMS I.19448–017 (1, 152) and QMI.19497 (1, 210), Queensland, Lizard Island( 14°40’S, 115°11’E); QMI.5661 (1, 124), Townsville; CAS-SU 20581(1, 175), Maryborough; AMS IA.2698 (1, 179), Michaelimas Cay( 16°42’S, 146°10’E); QMI.20079 (1, 110), Queensland, Russell River( 17°22’S, 145°58’E); USNM 176828(2, 280–289), Great Barrier Reef; QMI.11243 (1, 141), Magnetic Island( 19°08’S, 145°28’E); AMS IB.6358 (1, 314), Queensland, Cleveland bay( 19°13’S, 146°55’E); WAMP.8900–02 (3, 155–206), Flinders Reef( 26°58’S, 153°29’E); AMS I.22862 (1, 432), Coffs Harbour( 30°18’S, 153°08’E); USNM 47836(1, 217), Port Jackson( Sydney Harbour) ( 33°51’S, 151°15’E). Papua New Guinea: CSIRO C241(1, 207), Woodlark Island( 09°6’S, 152°50’E); CSIRO C868(1, 276), Port Moresby, Daugo Island. New Britain: CSIRO C176(1, 248), Jacquinot Bay; CSIRO C1053(1, 297), Pulie River; CAS-SU 28209(1, 108), Rabaul; CAS-SU 64420(1, 186), Atliklikun Bay; AMS IB.1522 (1, 189), Bismark Archipelago. Solomon Islands: AMS I.15113 (1, 255), Guadalcanal; ANSP 153026(1, 67), Bougainville. Vanuata( New Hebrides Is.): USNM 356227(1, 125); AMS I.11291 (1, 191) and CAS-SU 25190(1, 230), Malekula Island( 16°22’S, 167°31’E). Palau: CAS32179 (12, 50–156), Augulpelu Reef( 07°17’N, 134°31’E). Caroline Islands: CAS32078 (2, 191–198), CAS32079 (2, 153–186) and CAS32710 (2, 152–186), Ifaluk Atoll( 07°14’N, 144°27’E). Wake Island: CAS24035 (1, 343), ( 19°18’N, 186°38’E). Tuvalu( Ellice Islands): USNM 66063(1, 107); USNM 66064(1, 190); AMS I.3563 (1, 83), Funafuti Atoll( 08°32’S, 179°07’E). Marshall Islands: USNM 142035(9, 44–143) and UW 11063(4, 80–121), Bikini Atoll; CAS96485 (2, 176–237), BPBM 12206(1, 196) and UF 42442(4, 79–106), Eniwetok Atoll; USNM 142034(2, 258–296) and UW 13397(2, 37–78), Rongelap Atoll. Kiribati(Gilbert Islands): BPBM 7634(1, 206), Fanning Island( 03°52’N, 159°20’W). Bakerand Howland Is.: ANSP 148764(2, 306–334), Baker Island( 0°11’41”N, 176°29’W); ANSP 153023(2, 56–59), Howland Island( 0°48’S, 176°38’W). Phoenix Islands: ANSP 158303(3, 58–67), CAS40466 (1, 228) and USNM 115322(3, 41–78), Canton Island( 02°50’S, 171°40’W); ANSP 148759(5, 230–342), McKean Island( 03°59’S, 174°13’W); Niue: NMNZP.14444 (1, 295), ( 19°04’S, 169°52’W). Cook Island: NMNZ 14445(1, 354), Aitutaki( 18°52’S, 159°45’W). Kiritimati( Christmas Island): ANSP 105573(1, 182), ( 01°52’S, 157°20’W). Line Islands: ANSP 153045(6, 111–179) and BPBM 3890(1, 246), Malden Island( 04°01’S, 154°56’W); ANSP 148762(2, 317–234), Vostok Island( 10°06’S, 152°23’W). Society Islands: MCZ17088 (2, 316–340), no precise locality; USNM 392381(1, 219), Moorea. Rapa( 27°36’S, 144°21’W): BPBM 13066(1, 325). Gambier Archipelago: AMNH 8264(1, 207), Mangareva( 32°15’S, 134°56’W); USNM 400969(1, 216), Kouaku Island( 32°13’S, 134°52’W). Diagnosis.A species of Trachinotusin which adults have 3–7 black spots with well-defined margins on lateral line (spots usually absent in specimens < 10–13 cmFL), the largest spot usually smaller than iris diameter (larger than iris diameter in T. macrospilusand equal to or larger than eye diameter in T. botlaand T. coppingeri), and adults usually have no large spot positioned above the pectoral fin although small individuals may have 1 or 2 very small spots (adults of T. botlaand coppingerihave 1 or 2 large spots above the pectoral fin). Dorsal fin VI-I, 20–25; anal-fin II-I, 20–24; vomerine tooth patch usually chevron shaped and palatine tooth patch relatively long ( Fig. 2B, Table 2). Selected mensural data for specimens ≥ 200 mmFL are given in Table 8and selected measurements are plotted ( Figs. 6–8). FIGURE 6.Height of largest spot on mid-side of body plotted against head length in four species of Trachinotus. FIGURE 7.Heights of dorsal- and anal-fin lobes plotted against fork length in two species of Trachinotus. Comparisons. Trachinotus bailloniiis superficially similar to the allopatric T. macrospilusbut has smaller spots on its side ( Fig. 6) (usually smaller than iris diameter vs. larger than iris diameter, and in T. botlaand T. coppingerithe largest spot equal to or larger than eye diameter), and the heights of the dorsal- and anal-fin lobes are usually longer ( Fig. 7). Adults usually have no large spots above the pectoral fin, although 1 or 2 faint small spots are often present in smaller specimens of T. baillonii(vs. 1 or 2 large spots above the pectoral fin in T. botlaand T. coppingeri). FIGURE 8.Pectoral-fin length plotted against pelvic-fin length and fork length in four species of Trachinotus. Size.Largest specimen examined 43 cmFL, 53 cmTL and about 0.9 kg. Ecology.According to Kuiter and Tonozuka (2004:245), “juveniles of Trachinotus bailloniiform schools in sheltered bays. Adults are usually seen in pairs or small groups in surface waters, patrolling reef edges or beaches.” Distribution.( Fig. 11) Red Sea, East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascarand Mascarenes east to the northern Line and Gambier Islands, north to southern Japanand Korea, and south to Australia, Lord Howe, Norfolk Island, Tongaand Rapa. Etymology.Named for the French botanist and zoologist Louis Antoine François Baillon ( 1778–1851). Remarks.In his account of Trachinotus baillonii, Woods (1953:510)correctly noted that “ Wakiya’s (1924)attempt to separate the species T. quadripunctatusRüppell, T. cuvieriWakiya, and T. jordaniWakiyais based on nothing more than normal variation within this species, in view of (1) the variation in spots along the sides …; (2) the fact that the lobes of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins increase in length with size, while the paired fins apparently do not increase in the same proportion; (3) the variation in nostril size in our series (the size of the posterior nostril varies in relation to that of the anterior, while one specimen with a much larger posterior nostril has the lower jaw slightly protruding).” Kendall and Goldsborough (1911)also discussed the confused application of names in the literature, and in their key to species recognized T. quadripunctatusand T. oblongus(the latter a misidentification of T. macrospilus, see Fig. 3) as valid species distinct from T. bailloniibut failed to appreciate that absence or presence of spots changes with growth while spot size in adults is relatively consistent. One specimen from the Gulf of Oman( BPBM21446) is exceptional in having five spots on the left side and none on the right side.
2413160383
SMF
Red Sea
12
13
SMF 2896
1
holotype
2413160516
[385,1432,313,339]
MNHN
India
Pondicherry
12
13
1
syntype
2413160275
[293,1403,347,375]
FMNH
Japan
Islands
12
13
FMNH 59374
1
holotype
2413160232
1230344796
SAIAB
Mozambique
https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230344796
-14.216666
Pinda
1289
40.766666
12
13
SAIAB 11339
361
2413160433
ANSP
Chagos Archipelago
Mozambique
Diego Garcia Atoll
12
13
ANSP 152963, ANSP 153004
1
Diego Garcia Atoll
2413160419
[223,1432,454,481]
ROM
Mozambique
12
13
1
Diego Garcia Atoll
2413160308
[151,490,489,516]
USNM
Mozambique
true
12
13
USNM 265653
1
Diego Garcia Atoll
2413160514
Cargados Carajos Shoals
Mozambique
-16.583334
St. Brandon Shoals
1282
59.616665
Mascarene Islands
12
13
1
Diego Garcia Atoll
2413160483
ROM
Mozambique
12
13
USNM 229490, USNM 265653, USNM 265654, USNM 444910
1
Diego Garcia Atoll
2413160460
[458,1432,596,623]
ANSP
Seychelles
Amirante Islands
12
13
ANSP 148763, ANSP 131949
1
2413160499
[151,602,631,658]
ANSP
Seychelles
Curieuse Island
12
13
ANSP 153036
1
2413160503
CAS
Seychelles
-4.7166667
Mahe Island
1306
55.466667
12
13
ANSP 131733, ANSP 131734, ANSP 148746
1
2413160548
SAIAB
Seychelles
-9.783334
Assumption Is.
1299
46.516666
12
13
1
2413160322
[374,1157,702,729]
BPBM, MCZ
Mauritius
Mauritius
12
13
BPBM 20273, MCZ 6071
1
2413160570
BPBM, ANSP
Gulf
Oman
Port Qaboos
24.883333
Hab River
1249
66.683334
Sonmiani Bay
12
13
BPBM 21446, ANSP 172852, ANSP 172854
1
Masqat
2413160523
[810,1354,773,801]
1940-01
Oman
25.116667
Karachi
1248
63.8
12
13
1
Masqat
2413160565
ANSP
India
11.816667
Porto Nova
12
13
ANSP 153042
1
2413160345
BPBM, ANSP
India
Keeling Islands
Kovalam.
12
13
BPBM 27614, ANSP 134305
1
Kerala
2413160197
01-10-15
01-11-15
01-10-15
ANSP, CAS
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
12
13
ANSP 148741, ANSP 158301, ANSP 158302
1
2413160522
[313,732,915,942]
CAS
Sri Lanka
Bay of Bengal
12
13
1
2413160253
[745,1345,915,942]
CAS-SU
Singapore
Ranang.
12
13
CAS-SU 18037
1
2413160386
CAS
Myanmar
12.361112
Binhchang Bay
21
109.26056
Southern Moscos Group.
12
13
CAS-SU 39572
1
2413160226
FMNH
Taiwan
Takao
12
13
FMNH 52144, CAS-SU 13072, CAS-SU 20998
1
Kaohsiung
2413160176
[468,1020,1022,1049]
CAS-SU
Japan
Naha
12
13
CAS-SU 21227
1
Okinawa
2413160279
[1031,1337,1021,1049]
FMNH
Japan
Kii
12
13
FMNH 59496
1
Okinawa
2413160504
UMMZ
Japan
Nagasaki
12
13
UMMZ 181499
1
Nagasaki
2413160366
FMNH, USNM, BPBM
Japan
Ogasawara Islands. Marcus Island
12
13
FMNH 59374, USNM 5703, BPBM 7048
1
Nagasaki
2413160437
CAS
Thailand
10.430834
Gulf of Thailand
21
99.26278
12
13
1
2413160461
ANSP, BPBM
Indonesia
-8.1
Lombok
1302
116.0
12
13
ANSP 153377, BPBM 29911
1
2413160494
[282,539,1164,1190]
USNM
Indonesia
12
13
USNM 191874
1
2413160492
USNM
Indonesia
-3.6166668
Ambon
1307
128.23334
Moluccas
12
13
USNM 383045
1
2413160227
[453,841,1199,1226]
CAS
Philippines
Philippines
12
13
1
2413160491
[854,990,1199,1226]
Philippines
Bay
12
13
1
Manila
2413160557
[1004,1432,1199,1226]
CAS-SU
Philippines
Dumaguete
12
13
CAS-SU 13606
1
Manila
2413160233
[151,671,1234,1262]
USNM
Philippines
Mindano
12
13
USNM 56203
1
Zamboanga
2413160498
[682,1215,1235,1261]
USNM
Philippines
Baganga Bay
12
13
USNM 168319-20
1
Zamboanga
2413160370
USNM
Philippines
Market
12
13
USNM 168321
1
South Cotabato
2413160475
[416,919,1269,1296]
USNM
Philippines
Island
12
13
USNM 191878
1
Masbate
2413160558
[928,1432,1269,1297]
USNM
Philippines
Nogas Island
Panay
12
13
USNM 191879
1
Masbate
2413160451
[151,630,1305,1333]
USNM
Philippines
Matnog Bay
12
13
USNM 195238
1
Masbate
2413160315
[642,1112,1305,1332]
USNM
Philippines
Pandanon Island
12
13
USNM 195239
1
Masbate
2413160556
USNM
Philippines
Ticao Island
12
13
USNM 195240
1
Masbate
2413160502
[280,1216,1340,1368]
USNM
Philippines
-15.033334
Dinadiawa City Market
1286
121.6
Auroa Prov.
12
13
USNM 438080
1
Masbate
2413160512
WAM
City & Mkt.
Fiji
-17.35
Coulomb Point
1279
122.15
Western Australia
12
13
USNM 345997, ANSP 149651
1
Iloilo
2413160527
[651,1432,1412,1439]
WAM
Fiji
20.483334
Kendrew Islands
1268
116.53333
12
13
1
Iloilo
2413160526
[151,1230,1447,1474]
NTM
Fiji
-20.483334
Rosemary Island
1268
133.6
Dampier Archipelago
12
13
1
Iloilo
2413160204
WAM
Fiji
Perth
12
13
1
Iloilo
2413160552
[758,1432,1482,1510]
WAM
Fiji
-33.333332
Bunbury
1205
116.6
12
13
1
Iloilo
2413160468
[151,748,1518,1545]
Fiji
-32.533333
Mandurah
1210
115.71667
12
13
1
Iloilo
2413160520
QM
Australia
-15.55
Pellew Group
1284
136.78334
12
13
1
2413160309
USNM
Australia
-13.816667
Groote Eylandt
1289
136.63333
Gulf of Carpentaria
12
13
USNM 173951
1
2413160550
NTM
Australia
-10.9
New Year Island
1296
133.03334
12
13
1
2413160525
NTM
Australia
East Woody Island. Eastern
-9.933333
Murray Island
1298
144.06667
Torres Strait
12
13
1
2413160229
[731,1267,1660,1687]
QM
Australia
Turtle Bay
12
13
1
2413160430
QM
Australia
-14.666667
Lizard Island
1287
115.183334
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160535
[151,526,1731,1758]
QM
Australia
Townsville
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160555
[540,997,1731,1758]
CAS-SU
Australia
Maryborough
12
13
CAS-SU 20581
1
Queensland
2413160363
Australia
-16.7
Michaelimas Cay
1281
146.16667
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160464
[454,1251,1766,1793]
QM
Australia
-17.366667
Russell River
1279
145.96666
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160561
USNM
Australia
Great Barrier Reef
12
13
USNM 176828
1
Queensland
2413160509
[542,1225,1801,1828]
QM
Australia
-19.133333
Magnetic Island
1273
145.46666
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160313
Australia
-19.216667
Cleveland bay
1272
146.91667
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160293
WAM
Australia
-26.966667
Flinders Reef
1239
153.48334
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160391
[286,987,1872,1899]
Australia
-30.3
Coffs Harbour
1222
153.13333
12
13
1
Queensland
2413160507
USNM
Australia
-33.85
Sydney Harbour
1202
151.25
Port Jackson
12
13
USNM 47836
1
Queensland
2413160192
CSIRO
Papua New Guinea
-9.1
Woodlark Island
1300
152.83333
12
13
C241
1
2413160568
CSIRO
Papua New Guinea
Jacquinot Bay
Daugo Island
12
13
C868, C176
1
National Capital
2413160528
[213,627,1979,2006]
CSIRO
Papua New Guinea
Pulie River
12
13
C1053
1
National Capital
2413160276
[639,1016,1980,2006]
CAS-SU
Papua New Guinea
Rabaul
12
13
CAS-SU 28209
1
National Capital
2413160478
CAS-SU
Papua New Guinea
Atliklikun Bay
12
13
CAS-SU 64420
1
National Capital
2413160496
[210,1356,2014,2042]
Solomon Islands
Bismark Archipelago.
12
13
1
Guadalcanal
2413160458
ANSP, USNM
Vanuatu
13
14
Is.
Bougainville. Vanuata
12
13
ANSP 153026, USNM 356227
1
2413160513
CAS-SU
Vanuatu
-16.366667
Malekula Island
1282
167.51666
13
14
CAS-SU 25190
1
2413160375
CAS
Palau
7.2833333
Augulpelu Reef
1303
134.51666
13
14
1
2413160259
CAS
Micronesia
7.233333
Ifaluk Atoll
1303
144.45
13
14
1
Ifaluk Atoll
2413160469
[674,1340,258,286]
CAS
Wake Island
19.3
Wake Island
13
14
1
2413160511
USNM
Tuvalu
Tuvalu
13
14
USNM 66063
1
2413160355
[630,896,295,321]
USNM
Tuvalu
true
Tuvalu
13
14
USNM 66064
1
2413160244
Tuvalu
-8.533334
Atoll
1301
179.11667
13
14
1
Funafuti
2413160484
[284,1291,329,357]
USNM, UW
Marshall Islands
Bikini Atoll
13
14
USNM 142035, UW 11063
1
Bikini Atoll
2413160228
CAS
Marshall Islands
Eniwetok Atoll
13
14
BPBM 12206, UF 42442
1
Eniwetok Atoll
2413160569
USNM, UW, BPBM
Kiribati
3.8666668
Fanning Island
1307
-159.33333
13
14
USNM 142034, UW 13397, BPBM 7634
1
Rongelap
2413160446
[293,1354,437,464]
ANSP
Baker & Howland Is.
Kiribati
0.19472222
Baker Island
925
-176.48334
13
14
ANSP 148764
1
Rongelap
2413160466
ANSP
Kiribati
-0.8
Howland Island
1308
-176.63333
13
14
ANSP 153023
1
Rongelap
2413160518
CAS
Kiribati
-2.8333333
Island
1307
-171.66667
13
14
ANSP 158303, USNM 115322
1
Kanton
2413160444
ANSP
Kiribati
-3.9833333
McKean Island
1307
-174.21666
13
14
ANSP 148759
1
Kanton
2413160392
[479,1076,542,570]
NMNZ
Niue
-19.066668
Niue
1273
-169.86667
13
14
1
2413160339
NMNZ
Niue
-18.866667
Aitutaki
1273
-159.75
Cook Island
13
14
NMNZ 14445
1
2413160493
[563,1433,578,605]
ANSP
Kiritimati
Christmas Island
-1.8666667
Christmas Island
1308
-157.33333
13
14
ANSP 105573
1
2413160358
[151,1354,613,641]
ANSP, BPBM
Christmas Island
-4.016667
Malden Island
1307
-154.93333
Line Islands
13
14
ANSP 153045, BPBM 3890
1
2413160262
ANSP
Christmas Island
-10.1
Vostok Island
1298
-152.38333
13
14
ANSP 148762
1
2413160540
MCZ
Christmas Island
Society Islands
13
14
1
2413160381
[252,962,685,711]
USNM
Christmas Island
-27.6
Moorea. Rapa
1236
-144.35
13
14
USNM 392381
1
2413160374
[974,1232,684,711]
BPBM
Christmas Island
13
14
BPBM 13066
1
2413160538
AMNH
Gambier Archipelago
Christmas Island
-32.25
Mangareva
1211
-134.93333
13
14
AMNH 8264
1
2413160198
USNM
Christmas Island
-32.216667
Kouaku Island
1212
-134.86667
13
14
USNM 400969
1