Caesiomorus baillonii Lacepède, 1801 Caesiomorus quadripunctatus Rüppell, 1829:90 T. baillonii Trachinotus oblongus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832:437 T. botla T. baillonii Trachynotus oblongus Trachinotus quadripunctatus T. baillonii T. baillonii Trachynotus baillonii T. russelii Trachinotus baillonii Trachinotus bailloni T. macrospilus Trachinotus russelli T. baillonii Trachynotus cuvieri Wakiya, 1924:220 Trachynotus jordani Wakiya, 1924:221 T. baillonii Trachinotus botla Trachynotus bailloni Indo-West Pacific species of Trachinotus with spots on their sides as adults, with description of a new species endemic to the Marquesas Islands (Teleostei: Carangidae) Smith-Vaniz, William F. Walsh, Stephen J. Zootaxa 2019 2019-08-02 4651 1 1 37 57PC4 443730 Lacepede Lacepede [151,533,1279,1307] Actinopterygii Carangidae Trachinotus Animalia Perciformes 10 11 Chordata species baillonii   Figures 2B, 5B, 6–11; Tables 1–6, 8    Caesiomorus baillonii Lacepède, 1801:92,93, pl. 3, fig. 1 (original description, based on description and figure in Commerson manuscript [ Smith-Vaniz et al., 1979:36; locality not stated but Fort Dauphin, near Tôlanaro, Madagascaraccording to Fricke et al., 2019; no typesknown); Whitley, 1948:20(Western Australia); Whitley, 1964:44(listed).   Caesiomorus quadripunctatus Rüppell, 1829:90, pl. 24, fig. 1 (original description; Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea; holotypeSMF 2896); Smith, 1967:163(listed in synonymy of  T. baillonii).   Trachinotus oblongusCuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832:437(original description; Java, Indonesiaand Puducherry, India; syntypeMNHN A-6824 ( Pondicherry); Boulenger, 1888:661( Muscat, Oman); McCulloch, 1929:192(checklist Australian fishes; listed in synonymy of  T. botla); Smith-Vaniz et al., 1979:29(listed as synonym of  T. baillonii).   Trachynotus oblongus. Günther, 1860:484( Pondicherry, Java and Sumatra).   Trachinotus quadripunctatus. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832:434(redescription); Cantor, 1849:122(description; Sea of Penang); Günther, 1860:484(listed in synonymy of  T. baillonii); Wakiya, 1924:220, pl. 34, fig. 2 (Kii, Japan); Smith, 1967:164(listed in synonymy of  T. baillonii).   Trachynotus baillonii. Günther, 1860:484(in part,  T. russeliilisted in synonymy; Indiaand Malaysia); Day, 1865:98(Malabar); Playfair, 1868:861( Seychelles); Playfair and Günther, 1867:64(Aden and Zanzibar); Klunzinger, 1871:449(Red Sea); Day, 1875, 233, pl. 51A, fig. 4 (Aden and India); Alleyne and Macleay, 1877:330(New Guinea); Macleay, 1881:545(Port Jackson and Torres Straits); Fourmanoir, 1957:215, pl. 13A ( Madagascar).   Trachinotus baillonii. Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832:431(redescription); Boulenger, 1888:661( Muscat, Oman); Waite, 1903:25(Lord Howe Island); Waite, 1904:200(Lord Howe Island); Kendall and Goldsborough, 1911:271, pl. 2, fig. 1 ( Funafuti, Ellice Islands); Oshima, 1925:407(Taiwan); Fowler, 1928:152( Funafuti, Bonin and Society Islands); Mc- Culloch, 1929:182 (checklist Australian fishes); Fowler, 1934a:406( New Hebridesand Funafuti, after Whitley); Fowler, 1938:279(Malden, Christmas and Society islands, Bora Bora, Mangareva); Schultz, 1943:87(Enderbury and Canton islands); Fowler, 1949:78( Baker Island); Smith, 1967:163, pl. 37 ( Mozambiqueand Seychelles); Maugé, 1967:225( Toliara[=Tuléar], Madagascar); Klausewitz, 1967:66(Sarso Island, SaudiaArabia); Allen et al., 1976:401(Lord Howe Island); Schroeder, 1980:182, color fig. 265 ( Philippines); Gushiken, 1983:164( Okinawa); Gushiken in Masuda et al., 1984:154, color pl. 137-D (Japanese Archipelago); Dor, 1984:131(Red Sea); Masuda et al., 1984:154, pl. PL 137-D (southern Japan); Wass, 1984:15( Samoa); Talwar and Kacker, 1984:486( India); Kojima, 1985:10, fig. 3 (description of juveniles); Allen, 1985:2337, color fig. 192 (Kendrew Island, Dampier Archipelago); Smith-Vaniz, 1986:658, fig. 210.48 (Natal to Marshall Islands); Myers, 1988:144(Marianna Islands); Paxton et al., 1989:585(Zoological Catalogue of Australia); Winterbottom et al., 1989:35, fig. 193 (Chagos Archipelago); Manilo and Bogorodsky, 2003:S107 ( Oman, Gulf of Aden and Somali); Allen 2009:83, unnumbered color fig. ( Brunei); Francis, 1991:221, fig. 17 ( Norfolk Island, Cemetery Bay); Francis, 1993:161( Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk islands); Okiyama, 1993:465-466, unnumbered figs., 9.2 and 17.2 mmSL (description of early stage); Kulbicki and Williams, 1997:15(Ouvéa Atoll, New Caledonia); Randall, 1992:53, color fig. 111 ( Maldive Islands); Randall and Anderson, 1993:17( Maldive Islands); Randall, 1995:472, color fig. 470 (Gulf of Oman); Chen et al., 1997:listed in Appendix ( Spratly Islands); Lin and Shao, 1999:65, color figs. 79–80 (Taiwan); Fricke, 1999:257( Réunionand Mauritius); Randall and Lim, 2000(South ChinaSea); Smith-Vaniz, 1999:2745, unnumbered fig. (broadly distributed Indo-West Pacific species); Hutchins, 2001:33(Western Australia); Allen and Adrim, 2003:38(Indian Ocean and W. Java); Durville et al., 2003:99(Glorieuses Is., listed); Randall et al., 2003:15( Tongachecklist); Lobel and Lobel, 2004:71( WakeAtoll); Heemstra et al., 2004:3315 (Rodriques Island); Kuiter and Tonozuka, 2004:245, unnumbered color photographs; ( Maldivesand Bali); Letourneur et al., 2004:211( Reunion Islandchecklist); Randall, 2005:238, unnumbered color pl. (South Pacific); Kim et al., 2005: 313, unnumbered color photo ( Korea); Senou et al., 2006:456(Sagami Sea); Springer and Smith-Vaniz, 2008:31(supraneural and pterygiophore insertion patterns); Fricke et al., 2009:58( Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues); Kimura et al, 2009:126, unnumbered color fig. (southern Thailand); Rahman et al., 2009:226, unnumbered color photograph ( Bangladesh); Mundy et al., 2010:29(Howland and Baker islands); Motomura and Matsuura, 2010:117, color fig. 201 (Yaku-shima Island, southern Japan); Golani and Bogorodsky, 2010:30(Red Sea); Allen and Erdmann, 2012:439, unnumbered color fig. (East Indies); Rainboth et al., 2012:86, pl.68, color fig. 1420 (Binh Chang Bay, Viet Namand Gulf of Thailand); Abdussamad et al., 2013:25, color fig. 11 ( India); White et al., 2013:174, color fig. 63.44 ( Indonesia); Hussain and Jawad, 2014:254, color fig. 3 ( Iraq); Fricke et al., 2014:81( Papua New Guinea); Moore et al., 2014:186(Kimberly region, Australia); Psomadakis et al., 2015:230, pl. 17, color fig. 142 ( Pakistan); Ikeda and Nakabo, 2015:401, color pl. 137-8 (Minabe, southern Japan); Stuart-Smith et al., 2015:146, unnumbered color photograph; Australia); Koeda et al., 2016:38, color fig. 173 (Yonaguni-jima Island); Joshi et al., 2016:44(Gulf of Mannar, checklist); Fricke et al., 2018:187( Madagascarchecklist); Golani and Fricke, 2018:86(Gulf of Aqaba and Red Sea); Jawad et al., 2018:106, fig. 6F (Arabian Gulf); Kimura et al., 2018:138, unnumbered color fig. (Ha Long Bay, northern Vietnam); Fricke et al., 2019:149 ( New Ireland, Papua New Guinea).   Trachinotus bailloni. Castelnau, 1879:352(listed; Port Jackson); Steindachner, 1902:22(southern Arabia and Socotra Island);  Jordanand Seale, 1906:235(listed; Samoa);  Jordanand Starks, 1907:495, fig. 2 (Naha, Okinawa);  Jordanand Richardson, 1909:180(Takao, Formosa); Ogilby, 1916:149, pl. 18 (synonymy; Queensland Australia); Wakiya, 1924:219( Taiwan); Oshima, 1925:407( Philippines); McCulloch, 1929:182(checklist of Australian fishes); Weber and de Beaufort, 1931:288(synonymy; description; distribution); Herre, 1936:117(Malekula Island, New Hebrides); Roxas and Agco, 1941:66, pl. 11, fig. 2 ( Philippines); Blegvad and Løppenthin, 1944:103, fig. 57 (Larak Island, Iran); Smith, 1949:223, fig. 541 (rare in South Africa, reaches to Natal); Woods, 1953:509(Bikini Island, Eniwetok, Rongelap and Rongerik atolls and Guam); Herre, 1953:284(synonymy; Philippines); Munro, 1955:131, pl. 22, fig. 369 ( Ceylon); Munro, 1956:184(New Guinea); Williams, 1958:424, pl.26, fig. 26 (East Africa); Arnoult et al., 1958:67(Aldabra); Scott, 1959:66, unnumbered fig. (Malaya); Munro, 1960:133, fig. 850 ( Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland, Australia); Suzuki, 1962:151, fig. 51 (skeletal anatomy); Fourmanoir and Gueze, 1962:13( Réunion); Taylor, 1964:178(Arnhem Land, northern Australia); Schultz, 1966:163(Agfayan Point, Guam); Munro, 1967:233, pl. 26, fig. 392 (New Guinea); Smith and Smith, 1969:22, pl. 10, fig. G ( Seychelles); Lindberg and Krasyukova, 1969:196, fig. 223 (Sea of Japan); Bagnis et al., 1972:47, unnumbered color photo (misidentification, in part [upper photo =  T. macrospilus]; Polynesia); Burgess and Axelrod, 1973:813, fig. 322 ( Maldives); Randall, 1973:189(Society Islands); Kailola, 1975:122(Baxter Bay and Daugo Island, Papua New Guinea); Fourmanoir and Laboute, 1976:181, unnumbered color fig. ( New Caledonia); Grant, 1978:218, unnumbered fig. (northern Queensland, Australia); Jones and Kumaran, 1980:290, fig. 246 ( Laccadive Islands); Russell, 1983:56(Capricorn group, Great Barrier Reef); Randall, 1985:472(Rapa and Society islands); Hutchins and Swainston, 1986:58, 130, fig. 287 ( Western Australiato New South Wales); Allen and Swainston, 1988:74, color fig. 457 (northwestern Australia); Allen & Steene, 1988:170, fig. 171 ( Christmas Island, Indian Ocean); Myers, 1989:132, fig. 1j ( Micronesia); Randall et al., 1990:168, pl. V-10(Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea); Randall et al., 1990:20 (Rapa); Allen and Smith-Vaniz, 1994:11(Cocos-Keeling); Sadovy and Cornish, 2000:108, unnumbered color photo ( Hong Kong); Larson et al., 2013:125( Northern Territory, Australia); Rajan et al., 2013:60(Andaman and Nicobar Is.).   Trachinotus russelli(not of Cuvier).  Jordanand Seale, 1906:235(listed, New Guinea; record unreliable, probably based on  T. baillonii);  Jordanand Richardson, 1909:180( Taiwan); Munro, 1955:131( Ceylon).   Trachynotus cuvieri Wakiya, 1924:220(original description; Misaki, Japan; no typesknown).   Trachynotus jordani Wakiya, 1924:221, pl. 35, fig. 1 (original description; Bonin Islands, Japanese seas; holotypeFMNH 59374); Fowler, 1934a:406(listed as synonym of  T. baillonii).   Trachinotus botla(not of Shaw). Fowler, 1934a:406(Guadalcanal, Solomon Island, after Whitley).   Trachynotus bailloni. Bleeker, 1879:18( Mauritius); Baissac, 1952:69(Rodriques); Fourmanoir, 1957:215, pl. 13A ( Madagascar).   Type material examined.  SMF 2896( 258 mmFL), dry mount, holotypeof  Caesiomorus quadripunctatusRüppell, Massawa, Red Sea;  MNHNA.6824 ( 117 mmFL), syntypeof  Trachinotus oblongusCuvier, Pondicherry, India, Leschenaut;  FMNH 59374( 323 mmFL), holotypeof  Trachinotus jordani, Bonin(= Ogasawara) Islands, Japan.  Other material examined.  361 specimens, 15–432 mmFL:  Mozambique: SAIAB 11339(1, 283), Pinda( 14°13’S, 40°46’E).   Chagos Archipelago: ANSP 152963(3, 299–328), ANSP 153004(4, 69–79), Diego Garcia Atoll;  ROM37027 (2, 271–337), ROM37039 (2, 224–301), ROM37040 (2, 259–275), ROM37041 (18, 60–118);  USNM 265653(4, 265–301).   Mascarene Islands: Cargados Carajos Shoals(= St. Brandon Shoals) ( 16°35’S, 59°37’E):  ROM37027 (2, 271–337), ROM37037 (1, 64), ROM37039 (2, 224–301), ROM37040 (2, 259–275), ROM37041 (18, 63–114), USNM 229490(2, 278–298), USNM 265653(4, 265–301), USNM 265654(1, 175) and USNM 444910(2, 46–51).   Seychelles: ANSP 148763(1, 205) and ANSP 131949(10, 223–329), Amirante Islands;  ANSP 153036(1, 215), Curieuse Island;  ANSP 131733(17, 36–50), ANSP 131734(14, 15–79), ANSP 148746(2, 101–104) and CAS58524 (6, 95–113), Mahé Island( 4°43’S, 55°28’E);  SAIABuncat. (1, 227), Assumption Is.( 9°47’S, 46°31’E).   Mauritius: BPBM 20273(3, 35–141) and MCZ 6071(2, 243–257).   Gulfof Oman: BPBM 21446(1, 276), Muscat, Port Qaboosfish market.  Pakistan: ANSP 172852(1, 160) and ANSP 172854(1, 82), Sonmiani Baynear Hab Rivermouth ( 24°53’N, 66°41’E); AMS  I.40(1, 148), Karachi( 25°07’N, 63°48’E).   India: ANSP 153042(1, 216), Porto Nova( 11°49’N, 79°76’E);  BPBM 27614(1, 221), Kerala State, Kovalam. Cocos- Keeling Islands: ANSP 134305(12, 48–94).   Sri Lanka: ANSP 148741(4, 141–170, including 2, 141–145 C&S), ANSP  151001(1, 320), ANSP  151101(9, 240–345), ANSP 158301(1, 189), ANSP 158302(1, 226) and CAS16479 (2, 226–237).   Bay of Bengal: CAS44283 (1, 218), SW of Ranang.  Singapore: CAS-SU 18037(1, 412).   Myanmar: CAS-SU 39572(2, 124–138), Southern Moscos Group. Viet Nam: CAS32188 (18, 47–102), Binhchang Bay( 12°21’40”N, 109°15’38”E).   Taiwan: FMNH 52144(1, 280), CAS-SU 13072(1, 252) and CAS-SU 20998(1, 163), Takao(= Kaohsiung).   Japan: CAS-SU 21227(1, 164), Okinawa, Naha;  FMNH 59496(1, 170), Kii;  UMMZ 181499(1, 34 SL), Nagasaki;  FMNH 59374(1, 325) and USNM 5703(4, 91–166), Ogasawara Islands. Marcus Island: BPBM 7048(1, 198).   Thailand: CAS16367 (3, 308–337) and CAS32196 (1, 131), Gulf of Thailand( 10°25’51”N, 99°15’46”E).   Indonesia: ANSP 153377(1, 203) and BPBM 29911(1, 204), Lombok( 08°06’S, 116°00’E);  USNM 191874(1, 84),  between Gillolo and Makyan Ids.; USNM 383045(1, 72), Moluccas, near Ambon( 03°37’S, 128°14’E).   Philippines: CAS49636 (1, 268).  Manila Bay;  CAS-SU 13606(1, 265), Dumaguete;  USNM 56203(1, 167), Mindano, Zamboanga;  USNM 168319–20(2, 238–248), Baganga Bay;  USNM 168321(1, 248), Cotabato Market;  USNM 191878(3, 119–151), Masbate Island;  USNM 191879(1, 145), Panay, Nogas Island;  USNM 195238(2, 216–232), Matnog Bay;  USNM 195239(1, 203), Pandanon Island;  USNM 195240(1, 185), Ticao Island;  USNM 438080(1, 200), Auroa Prov., Dinadiawa City Market( 15°02’S, 121°36’E);  USNM 345997(1, 347), Iloilo Cityfish Mkt.  Fiji: ANSP 149651(2, 258–260), near Suva.  Western Australia: WAMP.29183–001 (1, 293), Coulomb Point( 17°21’S, 122°09’E);  WAMP.24349–001 (1, 239), Kendrew Islands( 20°29’N, 116°32’E);  NTMS.10813–002 (11, 77–142), Dampier Archipelago, Rosemary Island( 20°29’S, 133°36’E);  WAMP.23968–9 (2, 112–148); WAMP.5573 (1, 189), Perthvicinity;  WAMP.3093–001 (1, 195), Bunbury( 33°20’S, 116°36’E); AMS I.6996 (1, 99), Mandurah( 32°32’S, 115°43’E). N orthern Australia: AMS IA.1642 (1, 280), AMS IA.2564 (1, 240) and QMI.3978 (1, 223), Gulf of Carpentaria, Pellew Group( 15°33’S, 136°47’E);  USNM 173951(1, 284), Gulf of Carpentaria, Groote Eylandt( 13°49’S, 136°38’E);  NTMS.10588–001 (5, 200–292), New Year Island( 10°54’S, 133°02’E);  NTMS.11287–001 (1, 207), East Woody Island. Eastern Australia: AMS I.11895 (1, 241), Torres Strait, Murray Island( 09°56’S, 144°04’E);  QMI.11242 (1, 111), north Cairns, Turtle Bay; AMS I.13954 (1, 292), AMS I.19448–017 (1, 152) and QMI.19497 (1, 210), Queensland, Lizard Island( 14°40’S, 115°11’E);  QMI.5661 (1, 124), Townsville;  CAS-SU 20581(1, 175), Maryborough; AMS IA.2698 (1, 179), Michaelimas Cay( 16°42’S, 146°10’E);  QMI.20079 (1, 110), Queensland, Russell River( 17°22’S, 145°58’E);  USNM 176828(2, 280–289), Great Barrier Reef;  QMI.11243 (1, 141), Magnetic Island( 19°08’S, 145°28’E); AMS IB.6358 (1, 314), Queensland, Cleveland bay( 19°13’S, 146°55’E);  WAMP.8900–02 (3, 155–206), Flinders Reef( 26°58’S, 153°29’E); AMS I.22862 (1, 432), Coffs Harbour( 30°18’S, 153°08’E);  USNM 47836(1, 217), Port Jackson( Sydney Harbour) ( 33°51’S, 151°15’E).   Papua New Guinea: CSIRO C241(1, 207), Woodlark Island( 09°6’S, 152°50’E);  CSIRO C868(1, 276), Port Moresby, Daugo Island.  New Britain: CSIRO C176(1, 248), Jacquinot Bay;  CSIRO C1053(1, 297), Pulie River;  CAS-SU 28209(1, 108), Rabaul;  CAS-SU 64420(1, 186), Atliklikun Bay; AMS IB.1522 (1, 189), Bismark Archipelago.  Solomon Islands: AMS I.15113 (1, 255), Guadalcanal;  ANSP 153026(1, 67), Bougainville. Vanuata( New Hebrides Is.): USNM 356227(1, 125); AMS I.11291 (1, 191) and CAS-SU 25190(1, 230), Malekula Island( 16°22’S, 167°31’E).   Palau: CAS32179 (12, 50–156), Augulpelu Reef( 07°17’N, 134°31’E).   Caroline Islands: CAS32078 (2, 191–198), CAS32079 (2, 153–186) and CAS32710 (2, 152–186), Ifaluk Atoll( 07°14’N, 144°27’E).   Wake Island: CAS24035 (1, 343), ( 19°18’N, 186°38’E).   Tuvalu( Ellice Islands): USNM 66063(1, 107);  USNM 66064(1, 190); AMS I.3563 (1, 83), Funafuti Atoll( 08°32’S, 179°07’E).   Marshall Islands: USNM 142035(9, 44–143) and UW 11063(4, 80–121), Bikini Atoll;  CAS96485 (2, 176–237), BPBM 12206(1, 196) and UF 42442(4, 79–106), Eniwetok Atoll;  USNM 142034(2, 258–296) and UW 13397(2, 37–78), Rongelap Atoll.  Kiribati(Gilbert Islands): BPBM 7634(1, 206), Fanning Island( 03°52’N, 159°20’W).   Bakerand Howland Is.: ANSP 148764(2, 306–334), Baker Island( 0°11’41”N, 176°29’W);  ANSP 153023(2, 56–59), Howland Island( 0°48’S, 176°38’W).   Phoenix Islands: ANSP 158303(3, 58–67), CAS40466 (1, 228) and USNM 115322(3, 41–78), Canton Island( 02°50’S, 171°40’W);  ANSP 148759(5, 230–342), McKean Island( 03°59’S, 174°13’W);   Niue: NMNZP.14444 (1, 295), ( 19°04’S, 169°52’W).   Cook Island: NMNZ 14445(1, 354), Aitutaki( 18°52’S, 159°45’W).   Kiritimati(  Christmas Island): ANSP 105573(1, 182), ( 01°52’S, 157°20’W).   Line Islands: ANSP 153045(6, 111–179) and BPBM 3890(1, 246), Malden Island( 04°01’S, 154°56’W);  ANSP 148762(2, 317–234), Vostok Island( 10°06’S, 152°23’W).   Society Islands: MCZ17088 (2, 316–340), no precise locality;  USNM 392381(1, 219), Moorea. Rapa( 27°36’S, 144°21’W):  BPBM 13066(1, 325).   Gambier Archipelago: AMNH 8264(1, 207), Mangareva( 32°15’S, 134°56’W);  USNM 400969(1, 216), Kouaku Island( 32°13’S, 134°52’W).  Diagnosis.A species of  Trachinotusin which adults have 3–7 black spots with well-defined margins on lateral line (spots usually absent in specimens < 10–13 cmFL), the largest spot usually smaller than iris diameter (larger than iris diameter in  T. macrospilusand equal to or larger than eye diameter in  T. botlaand  T. coppingeri), and adults usually have no large spot positioned above the pectoral fin although small individuals may have 1 or 2 very small spots (adults of  T. botlaand  coppingerihave 1 or 2 large spots above the pectoral fin). Dorsal fin VI-I, 20–25; anal-fin II-I, 20–24; vomerine tooth patch usually chevron shaped and palatine tooth patch relatively long ( Fig. 2B, Table 2). Selected mensural data for specimens ≥ 200 mmFL are given in Table 8and selected measurements are plotted ( Figs. 6–8).   FIGURE 6.Height of largest spot on mid-side of body plotted against head length in four species of  Trachinotus.   FIGURE 7.Heights of dorsal- and anal-fin lobes plotted against fork length in two species of  Trachinotus.  Comparisons.  Trachinotus bailloniiis superficially similar to the allopatric  T. macrospilusbut has smaller spots on its side ( Fig. 6) (usually smaller than iris diameter vs. larger than iris diameter, and in  T. botlaand  T. coppingerithe largest spot equal to or larger than eye diameter), and the heights of the dorsal- and anal-fin lobes are usually longer ( Fig. 7). Adults usually have no large spots above the pectoral fin, although 1 or 2 faint small spots are often present in smaller specimens of  T. baillonii(vs. 1 or 2 large spots above the pectoral fin in  T. botlaand  T. coppingeri).   FIGURE 8.Pectoral-fin length plotted against pelvic-fin length and fork length in four species of  Trachinotus.  Size.Largest specimen examined 43 cmFL, 53 cmTL and about 0.9 kg.  Ecology.According to Kuiter and Tonozuka (2004:245), “juveniles of  Trachinotus bailloniiform schools in sheltered bays. Adults are usually seen in pairs or small groups in surface waters, patrolling reef edges or beaches.”  Distribution.( Fig. 11) Red Sea, East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascarand Mascarenes east to the northern Line and Gambier Islands, north to southern Japanand Korea, and south to Australia, Lord Howe, Norfolk Island, Tongaand Rapa.  Etymology.Named for the French botanist and zoologist Louis Antoine François Baillon ( 1778–1851).  Remarks.In his account of  Trachinotus baillonii, Woods (1953:510)correctly noted that “ Wakiya’s (1924)attempt to separate the species  T. quadripunctatusRüppell,  T. cuvieriWakiya, and  T. jordaniWakiyais based on nothing more than normal variation within this species, in view of (1) the variation in spots along the sides …; (2) the fact that the lobes of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins increase in length with size, while the paired fins apparently do not increase in the same proportion; (3) the variation in nostril size in our series (the size of the posterior nostril varies in relation to that of the anterior, while one specimen with a much larger posterior nostril has the lower jaw slightly protruding).” Kendall and Goldsborough (1911)also discussed the confused application of names in the literature, and in their key to species recognized  T. quadripunctatusand  T. oblongus(the latter a misidentification of  T. macrospilus, see Fig. 3) as valid species distinct from  T. bailloniibut failed to appreciate that absence or presence of spots changes with growth while spot size in adults is relatively consistent. One specimen from the Gulf of Oman( BPBM21446) is exceptional in having five spots on the left side and none on the right side. 2413160383 SMF Red Sea 12 13 SMF 2896 1 holotype 2413160516 [385,1432,313,339] MNHN India Pondicherry 12 13 1 syntype 2413160275 [293,1403,347,375] FMNH Japan Islands 12 13 FMNH 59374 1 holotype 2413160232 1230344796 SAIAB Mozambique https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1230344796 -14.216666 Pinda 1289 40.766666 12 13 SAIAB 11339 361 2413160433 ANSP Chagos Archipelago Mozambique Diego Garcia Atoll 12 13 ANSP 152963, ANSP 153004 1 Diego Garcia Atoll 2413160419 [223,1432,454,481] ROM Mozambique 12 13 1 Diego Garcia Atoll 2413160308 [151,490,489,516] USNM Mozambique true 12 13 USNM 265653 1 Diego Garcia Atoll 2413160514 Cargados Carajos Shoals Mozambique -16.583334 St. Brandon Shoals 1282 59.616665 Mascarene Islands 12 13 1 Diego Garcia Atoll 2413160483 ROM Mozambique 12 13 USNM 229490, USNM 265653, USNM 265654, USNM 444910 1 Diego Garcia Atoll 2413160460 [458,1432,596,623] ANSP Seychelles Amirante Islands 12 13 ANSP 148763, ANSP 131949 1 2413160499 [151,602,631,658] ANSP Seychelles Curieuse Island 12 13 ANSP 153036 1 2413160503 CAS Seychelles -4.7166667 Mahe Island 1306 55.466667 12 13 ANSP 131733, ANSP 131734, ANSP 148746 1 2413160548 SAIAB Seychelles -9.783334 Assumption Is. 1299 46.516666 12 13 1 2413160322 [374,1157,702,729] BPBM, MCZ Mauritius Mauritius 12 13 BPBM 20273, MCZ 6071 1 2413160570 BPBM, ANSP Gulf Oman Port Qaboos 24.883333 Hab River 1249 66.683334 Sonmiani Bay 12 13 BPBM 21446, ANSP 172852, ANSP 172854 1 Masqat 2413160523 [810,1354,773,801] 1940-01 Oman 25.116667 Karachi 1248 63.8 12 13 1 Masqat 2413160565 ANSP India 11.816667 Porto Nova 12 13 ANSP 153042 1 2413160345 BPBM, ANSP India Keeling Islands Kovalam. 12 13 BPBM 27614, ANSP 134305 1 Kerala 2413160197 01-10-15 01-11-15 01-10-15 ANSP, CAS Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 12 13 ANSP 148741, ANSP 158301, ANSP 158302 1 2413160522 [313,732,915,942] CAS Sri Lanka Bay of Bengal 12 13 1 2413160253 [745,1345,915,942] CAS-SU Singapore Ranang. 12 13 CAS-SU 18037 1 2413160386 CAS Myanmar 12.361112 Binhchang Bay 21 109.26056 Southern Moscos Group. 12 13 CAS-SU 39572 1 2413160226 FMNH Taiwan Takao 12 13 FMNH 52144, CAS-SU 13072, CAS-SU 20998 1 Kaohsiung 2413160176 [468,1020,1022,1049] CAS-SU Japan Naha 12 13 CAS-SU 21227 1 Okinawa 2413160279 [1031,1337,1021,1049] FMNH Japan Kii 12 13 FMNH 59496 1 Okinawa 2413160504 UMMZ Japan Nagasaki 12 13 UMMZ 181499 1 Nagasaki 2413160366 FMNH, USNM, BPBM Japan Ogasawara Islands. Marcus Island 12 13 FMNH 59374, USNM 5703, BPBM 7048 1 Nagasaki 2413160437 CAS Thailand 10.430834 Gulf of Thailand 21 99.26278 12 13 1 2413160461 ANSP, BPBM Indonesia -8.1 Lombok 1302 116.0 12 13 ANSP 153377, BPBM 29911 1 2413160494 [282,539,1164,1190] USNM Indonesia 12 13 USNM 191874 1 2413160492 USNM Indonesia -3.6166668 Ambon 1307 128.23334 Moluccas 12 13 USNM 383045 1 2413160227 [453,841,1199,1226] CAS Philippines Philippines 12 13 1 2413160491 [854,990,1199,1226] Philippines Bay 12 13 1 Manila 2413160557 [1004,1432,1199,1226] CAS-SU Philippines Dumaguete 12 13 CAS-SU 13606 1 Manila 2413160233 [151,671,1234,1262] USNM Philippines Mindano 12 13 USNM 56203 1 Zamboanga 2413160498 [682,1215,1235,1261] USNM Philippines Baganga Bay 12 13 USNM 168319-20 1 Zamboanga 2413160370 USNM Philippines Market 12 13 USNM 168321 1 South Cotabato 2413160475 [416,919,1269,1296] USNM Philippines Island 12 13 USNM 191878 1 Masbate 2413160558 [928,1432,1269,1297] USNM Philippines Nogas Island Panay 12 13 USNM 191879 1 Masbate 2413160451 [151,630,1305,1333] USNM Philippines Matnog Bay 12 13 USNM 195238 1 Masbate 2413160315 [642,1112,1305,1332] USNM Philippines Pandanon Island 12 13 USNM 195239 1 Masbate 2413160556 USNM Philippines Ticao Island 12 13 USNM 195240 1 Masbate 2413160502 [280,1216,1340,1368] USNM Philippines -15.033334 Dinadiawa City Market 1286 121.6 Auroa Prov. 12 13 USNM 438080 1 Masbate 2413160512 WAM City & Mkt. Fiji -17.35 Coulomb Point 1279 122.15 Western Australia 12 13 USNM 345997, ANSP 149651 1 Iloilo 2413160527 [651,1432,1412,1439] WAM Fiji 20.483334 Kendrew Islands 1268 116.53333 12 13 1 Iloilo 2413160526 [151,1230,1447,1474] NTM Fiji -20.483334 Rosemary Island 1268 133.6 Dampier Archipelago 12 13 1 Iloilo 2413160204 WAM Fiji Perth 12 13 1 Iloilo 2413160552 [758,1432,1482,1510] WAM Fiji -33.333332 Bunbury 1205 116.6 12 13 1 Iloilo 2413160468 [151,748,1518,1545] Fiji -32.533333 Mandurah 1210 115.71667 12 13 1 Iloilo 2413160520 QM Australia -15.55 Pellew Group 1284 136.78334 12 13 1 2413160309 USNM Australia -13.816667 Groote Eylandt 1289 136.63333 Gulf of Carpentaria 12 13 USNM 173951 1 2413160550 NTM Australia -10.9 New Year Island 1296 133.03334 12 13 1 2413160525 NTM Australia East Woody Island. Eastern -9.933333 Murray Island 1298 144.06667 Torres Strait 12 13 1 2413160229 [731,1267,1660,1687] QM Australia Turtle Bay 12 13 1 2413160430 QM Australia -14.666667 Lizard Island 1287 115.183334 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160535 [151,526,1731,1758] QM Australia Townsville 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160555 [540,997,1731,1758] CAS-SU Australia Maryborough 12 13 CAS-SU 20581 1 Queensland 2413160363 Australia -16.7 Michaelimas Cay 1281 146.16667 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160464 [454,1251,1766,1793] QM Australia -17.366667 Russell River 1279 145.96666 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160561 USNM Australia Great Barrier Reef 12 13 USNM 176828 1 Queensland 2413160509 [542,1225,1801,1828] QM Australia -19.133333 Magnetic Island 1273 145.46666 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160313 Australia -19.216667 Cleveland bay 1272 146.91667 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160293 WAM Australia -26.966667 Flinders Reef 1239 153.48334 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160391 [286,987,1872,1899] Australia -30.3 Coffs Harbour 1222 153.13333 12 13 1 Queensland 2413160507 USNM Australia -33.85 Sydney Harbour 1202 151.25 Port Jackson 12 13 USNM 47836 1 Queensland 2413160192 CSIRO Papua New Guinea -9.1 Woodlark Island 1300 152.83333 12 13 C241 1 2413160568 CSIRO Papua New Guinea Jacquinot Bay Daugo Island 12 13 C868, C176 1 National Capital 2413160528 [213,627,1979,2006] CSIRO Papua New Guinea Pulie River 12 13 C1053 1 National Capital 2413160276 [639,1016,1980,2006] CAS-SU Papua New Guinea Rabaul 12 13 CAS-SU 28209 1 National Capital 2413160478 CAS-SU Papua New Guinea Atliklikun Bay 12 13 CAS-SU 64420 1 National Capital 2413160496 [210,1356,2014,2042] Solomon Islands Bismark Archipelago. 12 13 1 Guadalcanal 2413160458 ANSP, USNM Vanuatu 13 14 Is. Bougainville. Vanuata 12 13 ANSP 153026, USNM 356227 1 2413160513 CAS-SU Vanuatu -16.366667 Malekula Island 1282 167.51666 13 14 CAS-SU 25190 1 2413160375 CAS Palau 7.2833333 Augulpelu Reef 1303 134.51666 13 14 1 2413160259 CAS Micronesia 7.233333 Ifaluk Atoll 1303 144.45 13 14 1 Ifaluk Atoll 2413160469 [674,1340,258,286] CAS Wake Island 19.3 Wake Island 13 14 1 2413160511 USNM Tuvalu Tuvalu 13 14 USNM 66063 1 2413160355 [630,896,295,321] USNM Tuvalu true Tuvalu 13 14 USNM 66064 1 2413160244 Tuvalu -8.533334 Atoll 1301 179.11667 13 14 1 Funafuti 2413160484 [284,1291,329,357] USNM, UW Marshall Islands Bikini Atoll 13 14 USNM 142035, UW 11063 1 Bikini Atoll 2413160228 CAS Marshall Islands Eniwetok Atoll 13 14 BPBM 12206, UF 42442 1 Eniwetok Atoll 2413160569 USNM, UW, BPBM Kiribati 3.8666668 Fanning Island 1307 -159.33333 13 14 USNM 142034, UW 13397, BPBM 7634 1 Rongelap 2413160446 [293,1354,437,464] ANSP Baker & Howland Is. Kiribati 0.19472222 Baker Island 925 -176.48334 13 14 ANSP 148764 1 Rongelap 2413160466 ANSP Kiribati -0.8 Howland Island 1308 -176.63333 13 14 ANSP 153023 1 Rongelap 2413160518 CAS Kiribati -2.8333333 Island 1307 -171.66667 13 14 ANSP 158303, USNM 115322 1 Kanton 2413160444 ANSP Kiribati -3.9833333 McKean Island 1307 -174.21666 13 14 ANSP 148759 1 Kanton 2413160392 [479,1076,542,570] NMNZ Niue -19.066668 Niue 1273 -169.86667 13 14 1 2413160339 NMNZ Niue -18.866667 Aitutaki 1273 -159.75 Cook Island 13 14 NMNZ 14445 1 2413160493 [563,1433,578,605] ANSP Kiritimati Christmas Island -1.8666667 Christmas Island 1308 -157.33333 13 14 ANSP 105573 1 2413160358 [151,1354,613,641] ANSP, BPBM Christmas Island -4.016667 Malden Island 1307 -154.93333 Line Islands 13 14 ANSP 153045, BPBM 3890 1 2413160262 ANSP Christmas Island -10.1 Vostok Island 1298 -152.38333 13 14 ANSP 148762 1 2413160540 MCZ Christmas Island Society Islands 13 14 1 2413160381 [252,962,685,711] USNM Christmas Island -27.6 Moorea. Rapa 1236 -144.35 13 14 USNM 392381 1 2413160374 [974,1232,684,711] BPBM Christmas Island 13 14 BPBM 13066 1 2413160538 AMNH Gambier Archipelago Christmas Island -32.25 Mangareva 1211 -134.93333 13 14 AMNH 8264 1 2413160198 USNM Christmas Island -32.216667 Kouaku Island 1212 -134.86667 13 14 USNM 400969 1