Monstera costaricensis (Engl. & K.Krause) Croat & Grayum, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74: 659. 1987 Rhodospatha costaricensis Engl. & K.Krause Revision of Monstera (Araceae: Monsteroideae) of Central America Croat, Thomas B. Cedeño-Fonseca, Marco Ortiz, Orlando O. Phytotaxa 2024 2024-06-27 656 1 1 197 6RQ3W (Engl. & K. Krause) Croat & Grayum, Ann. Croat & Grayum, Ann. Engl. & K. Krause [189,990,1814,1841] Liliopsida Araceae Monstera Plantae Alismatales 48 49 Tracheophyta species costaricensis  ≡  Rhodospatha costaricensisEngl. & K.Krausein Engl., Pflanzenr.IV.23B (Heft 37): 95. 1908. ( Figs. 18, 19)   Type:—  COSTA RICA. [ Limón:] Ferme de Boston, Atlantic watershed,  30 melev., [ 10°01’ N, 83°15’30”W],  August 1901,  A. Tonduz14628( holotypeB!, photo F!).  Robust nomadic vine, appressed-climbing habit. SEEDLINGS: bearing foliage leaves. JUVENILE PLANTS: root climbers; stemsdark green with greenish-white pustules which form a rough-verrucose surface, cylindrical or dorsally flattened; internodes 3–13 cmlong, 3–10 mmdiam.; petioledistinct, light-green, rough, 5–13 cmlong, sheathed to base of the geniculum; petiole sheathdeciduous; bladeslanceolate, truncate or attenuate at base, acuminate at apex, thinly coriaceous, 8–18 × 4–9 cm, not appressed to the phorophyte; fenestrationsabsent. ADULT PLANTS: root climbers; stemsdark green with greenish-white pustules which form a rough-verrucose surface, dorsally flattened; internodes 2–3 cmlong, 2.0– 3.5 cmdiam., 0.8–1.0 times as long as wide; cataphyllswith thick-undulate margins, dark green with green or white pustules, marcescent; anchor rootsgrayish; feeder rootsblack; petioledark green with greenish-white pustules along their entire length, rough-verrucose, 30–70 cmlong, sheathed to base of the geniculum; petiole sheathpersistent throughout or from the medial part towards the geniculum, markedly undulate; geniculum rough-verrucose, flattened adaxially, convex abaxially, 2.0– 3.5 cmlong; bladesnarrowly ovate to lanceolate-ovate, broadly cuneate to truncate at base, spiral-acuminate at apex, thin coriaceous to coriaceous, drying grayish, blackish or greenish, 40–75 × 15–35 cm, 2.0–2.7 times longer than wide, slightly decurrent-undulate up to medial part of the geniculum (4–6 undulations of 2–3 mmwide); midribslightly ribbed adaxially, convex abaxially, drying black on both surfaces; primary lateral veins30–55 per side, bifurcated, strongly sunken adaxially, prominent abaxially, departing midrib at 45–65°, drying black or yellowish, secondary veinsslightly prominent and reticulate; collective veinsprominent; fenestrationsabsent or present, arranged near midrib; marginsentire (slightly undulate) pinnatilobed due to tearing of the perforations that extend to the margin, with 2 lobes per side. INFLORESCENCES on ascending stems, 1–3 simultaneously at flowering season, arranged in the leaf axils or into cataphylls; pedunclerough-verrucose, 10–17 cmlong, 1.0– 1.5 cmdiam.; spatheobtuse or mucronate, light green during development, white internally and cream externally at anthesis, 9–15 × 8–13 cm, equal or 2 cmlonger than the spadix; spadixcream during development, green to yellowish at anthesis, 8–14 cmlong, 1.2–2.5 cmdiam., (4.1)6–7(10.6) times longer than wide; basal sterile flowers 3–5 mmlong; fertile flowers 4–7 mmlong; stamens 3–7 mmlong, with laminar filaments; anthers 2.0– 2.5 mmlong; ovary quadrangular in longitudinal section, ribbed; style hexagonal, thickly conical, 1.2–2.5 mmlong; stigma linear; berrieswith a yellow stylar cap during development, mature stylar cap cream; pulp white; seedsovoid.   Distribution and ecology:—  Monstera costaricensisranges from Nicaraguato Panama, at 0–1047 min Tropical wet forestlife zones.  Phenology:—Flowering January, March-May, August, October, and fruiting in April and May.   Discussion:—The species is a member of sect.  Monsteraand is characterized by its dark green, matte, densely and finely tuberculate internodes; minutely and abundantly whitish-dotted and tuberculate-roughened petioles, sheath revolute along the margin, extending to base of the blade and conspicuously undulate along its length onto the geniculum and to base of the blade, narrowly ovate to lanceolate-ovate, never pinnately lobed leaf blades that are 2.0–2.7 times longer than broad with the margins entire and with most larger leaves with 1–3 holes, as well as by an inflorescence with the peduncle longer than the spathe with minute whitish dots or tubercles.   Monstera costaricensisis most similar to  M. buseyiwhich differs by its more or less asperous-verruculose petioles and reddish-brown drying blades with 4 or 5 pairs of lateral lobes and 15 to 50 primary lateral veins per side and with  M. alfaroiiwhich is distinguished by its tuberculous petiole, a persistent and thickly wavy sheath, and a conical style.   Additional specimens examined:—  NICARAGUA.  Atlántico Sur: Isla del Maíz Grande, 12°10’N 083°03’W,  40 m,  20 agosto 1982,  Esteban M. Martínez S.& Russ Riviere1659( MO!).  COSTA RICA. Ferme de Boston, Versant Atlantique,  30 m,  Aug 1901,  Adolphe Tonduz14628( F!, MO!, NY!);   Heredia: Sarapiquí, Las Horquetas, E.B. La Selva, Original forest near the Río Puerto Viejo, about 2 kmupstream from the confluence with the Río Sarapiquí, Formerly Finca La Selva ”of Holdridge”,  100 m,  14 June 1968, (Fr.),  W. Burger& R. Stolze5780( CR!);  Heredia, Sarapiquí, Horquetas, Estación Biológica La Selva,  50 m,  3 November 2018, (Fl., Fr.),  M. Cedeño& M. Chaves1497( USJ!);  Heredia, Sarapiquí, Horquetas, Estación Biológica La Selva,  50 m,  3 November 2018, (Fl., Fr.),  M. Cedeño& M. Chaves1494( USJ!);  Heredia, Sarapiquí, Horquetas, Estación Biológica La Selva,  50 m,  18 November 2018, (Fr.),  M. Cedeño& M. Chaves1496( USJ!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°24’36”N 084°00’36”W,  100 m,  30 August 1980,  B.E. Hammel9649( DUKE!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  4 August 1980,  B.E. Hammel9431( DUKE!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°24’00”N 083°59’24”W,  100 m,  14 November 1980,  B.E. Hammel10468A( DUKE!);  La Selva Biological Station, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  22 May 1980,  B.E. Hammel8749( DUKE!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°24’36”N 084°00’00”W,  100 m,  13 July 1982,  B.E. Hammel& J. Trainer13177( DUKE!);  La Selva Biological Station, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  6 June 1985,  Brian Jacobs3278( DUKE!);  La Selva Biological Station, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  26 February 1981,  J.P. Folsom9126( DUKE!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  22 May 1980,  M.H. Grayum2845( DUKE!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  18 May 1980,  M.H. Grayum2826( DUKE!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  11 August 1979,  M.H. Grayum2299( DUKE!); Just N of Las Horquetas along road to Puerto Viejo, 10°22’N 083°58’W,  40 m,  19 July 1984,  M.H. Grayumet al. 3563( MO!);  Finca La Selva, the OTS field station on the Río Puerto Viejo just E of its junction with the Río Sarapiquí, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  27 October 1982,  T. McDowell612( DUKE!);  Sarapiqui. La Selva Biological Station, 10°25’53”N 084°00’13”W,  100 m,  24 Marzo 1983,  I. ChacónG. 552( MO!);  Near Puerto Viejoalong road near the Río Sucio, 10°27’36”N 083°59’24”W,  20 m,  27 May 1976,  T.B. Croat35701( MO!);   Limón. Río Tercero,  600 m,  2 May 1985, (Fr.),  J. Berrocal77( CR!);  Pococí, Colorado, R.N.V.S. Barra del Colorado, Forests and pastures between Río Chirripocito and pastures between Río Chirripocito and Río Sardina (”Sardinal” on Chirripó Atlántico quadrangle),  12 m,  20 April 1990, (Fr.),  M.H. Grayum9779( CR!, MO!);  Pococí, Roxana, Mata de Limón, (incorrectly identified on Agua Fría quadrangle as Milloncito”) ca. 16. 5 km(as the crow flies) NE of Cariari,  21 m,  19 March 1988, (Fl.),  M.H. Grayum& R. Robles8523( CR!, MO!);  Talamanca, Cahuita, Forest between Punta Manzanillo and Punta Mona, E of Manzanillo de Talamanca,  10 m,  2 May 1985, (Fr.),  M.H. Grayum& G. Schatz5247( CR!, MO!);  Talamanca, Sixaola, Finca Asacode, Sendero La Chonta,  5 m,  2 March 1999, (Fl.),  U. Chavarría1908( CR!);  Talamanca, Sixaola, Low-lying coastal swamps and forests, Gandoca (slightly to N of trail from Mata de Limón),  1 m,  27 January 1987, (Fr.),  M.H. Grayum8022( CR!, MO!);  Talamanca, Cahuita, Bosques de Manzanillo,  50 m,  9 January 2017, (Infer.),  M. Cedeñoet al. 1102( USJ!);  Pococí, Colorado, Lomas de Sierpe, 5 kmNoreste de La Aurora, Guápiles, Cerca del Río Sierpe,  30 m,  8 December 1988, (Infer.),  R. Robles2239( CR!, MO!); Along road between Limón and Shiroles, along Río Sixaola, 0.9 miSW of Bambu, 6.5 miSW of Bribri. Along stream on steep slope, 09°33’00”N 082°53’24”W,  50 m,  12 August 1977,  T.B. Croat43302( MO!);  Limón. Near Liverpool, 09°59’N 083°08’W,  30 m,  05 Oct 1972,  Michael T. Madison753( SEL!).  PANAMA.  Bocas del Toro: Bosque Protector Palo Seco. Finca Willie Mazu, 08°46’43”N 082°12’32”W,  1047 m,  25 August 2018,  O. Orlandoet al. 3367( MO!) 4947099897 1901-08 A. Tonduz Costa Rica 30 10.016666 Atlantic watershed 925 -83.25833 Ferme de Boston 48 49 1 Limon holotype 4947100455 1982-08-20 MO Esteban M. Martinez S. & Russ Riviere Nicaragua 40 12.166667 Isla del Maiz Grande 1293 -83.05 51 52 1 Atlantico Sur 4947099896 1901-08 F, MO, NY Adolphe Tonduz Costa Rica 30 Versant Atlantique Ferme de Boston 51 52 1 Atlantico Sur 4947100369 1968-06-14 CR W. Burger & R. Stolze Costa Rica Sarapiqui 100 Sarapiqui Las Horquetas 51 52 1 Heredia 4947100319 2018-11-03 USJ M. Cedeno & M. Chaves Costa Rica Heredia 50 Horquetas Sarapiqui 51 52 1 Heredia 4947100023 2018-11-03 USJ M. Cedeno & M. Chaves Costa Rica Heredia 50 Horquetas Sarapiqui 51 52 1 Heredia 4947099871 2018-11-18 USJ M. Cedeno & M. Chaves Costa Rica Heredia 50 Horquetas Sarapiqui 51 52 1 Heredia 4947100134 1980-08-30 DUKE B. E. Hammel Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 10.41 Finca La Selva 21 -84.01 Rio Puerto Viejo 51 52 1 Heredia 4947100317 1980-08-04 DUKE B. E. Hammel Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 10.431389 Rio Sarapiqui 21 -84.00361 Rio Puerto Viejo 51 52 1 Heredia 4947099959 1980-11-14 DUKE B. E. Hammel Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 10.4 Rio Sarapiqui 21 -83.99 Rio Puerto Viejo 51 52 1 Heredia 4947099474 1980-05-22 DUKE B. E. Hammel Costa Rica 100 10.431389 La Selva Biological Station 21 -84.00361 51 52 1 Heredia 4947100434 1982-07-13 DUKE B. E. Hammel & J. Trainer Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 10.41 Finca La Selva 21 -84.0 Rio Puerto Viejo 51 52 1 Heredia 4947099443 1985-06-06 DUKE Brian Jacobs Costa Rica 100 10.431389 La Selva Biological Station 21 -84.00361 51 52 1 Heredia 4947099469 1981-02-26 DUKE J. P. Folsom Costa Rica 100 10.431389 La Selva Biological Station 21 -84.00361 51 52 1 Heredia 4947100253 1980-05-22 DUKE M. H. Grayum Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 52 53 10.431389 Rio Sarapiqui 21 -84.00361 Rio Puerto Viejo 51 52 1 Heredia 4947100028 1980-05-18 DUKE M. H. Grayum Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 10.431389 Rio Sarapiqui 21 -84.00361 Rio Puerto Viejo 52 53 1 Heredia 4947099305 1979-08-11 DUKE M. H. Grayum Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 10.431389 Rio Sarapiqui 21 -84.00361 Rio Puerto Viejo 52 53 1 Heredia 4947099631 1984-07-19 MO M. H. Grayum Costa Rica 40 10.366667 Puerto Viejo 1298 -83.96667 Just 52 53 1 Heredia 4947099349 1982-10-27 DUKE T. McDowell Costa Rica Finca La Selva 100 10.431389 Finca La Selva 21 -84.00361 Rio Puerto Viejo 52 53 1 Heredia 4947100336 1983-03-24 MO I. Chacon Costa Rica 100 10.431389 Sarapiqui 21 -84.00361 52 53 1 Heredia 4947100131 1976-05-27 MO T. B. Croat Costa Rica 20 10.46 Rio Sucio 21 -83.99 Near Puerto Viejo 52 53 1 Heredia 4947100389 [586,1356,445,473] 1985-05-02 CR J. Berrocal Costa Rica 600 Rio Tercero 52 53 1 Limon 4947099547 1990-04-20 1990-04-20 1988-03-19 CR, MO M. H. Grayum Costa Rica Pococi 12 Pococi Barra del Colorado 52 53 1 Limon 4947100579 1988-03-19 1990-04-20 1988-03-19 CR, MO M. H. Grayum & R. Robles Costa Rica Pococi 21 Mata de Limon Pococi 52 53 1 Limon 4947099410 1985-05-02 CR, MO M. H. Grayum & G. Schatz Costa Rica Talamanca 10 Cahuita Cahuita 52 53 1 Limon 4947099352 1999-03-02 CR U. Chavarria Costa Rica Talamanca 5 Finca Asacode Sixaola 52 53 1 Limon 4947099372 1987-01-27 CR, MO M. H. Grayum Costa Rica Talamanca 1 Sixaola Sixaola 52 53 1 Limon 4947100020 [216,1447,770,797] 2017-01-09 USJ M. Cedeno Costa Rica Talamanca 50 Bosques de Manzanillo Cahuita 52 53 1 Limon 4947100201 1988-12-08 CR, MO R. Robles Costa Rica Pococi 30 Lomas de Sierpe Colorado 52 53 1 Limon 4947100025 1977-08-12 MO T. B. Croat Costa Rica Along 50 9.55 Shiroles 21 -82.89 Limon 52 53 1 Limon 4947100022 [369,1448,914,941] 1972-10-05 SEL Michael T. Madison Costa Rica 30 9.983334 Limon 1298 -83.13333 52 53 1 Limon 4947099925 2018-08-25 MO O. Orlando Panama 1047 8.778611 Bosque Protector Palo Seco 21 -82.208885 52 53 1 Bocas del Toro