Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda) Wesener, Thomas Enghoff, Henrik Sierwald, Petra ZooKeys 2009 2009-09-04 19 19 1 128 75CRX Wesener Wesener & Enghoff & Sierwald 2009 [140,550,166,193] Diplopoda Pachybolidae Ostinobolus Animalia Spirobolida 94 95 Arthropoda species subterraneus sp. nov.   urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F5D60255-4786-4DB3-BA0E-DC3A49AF18EA    Materialexamined: 2 ♂, 10 ♀, 21 imm.  Holotype:1 ♂ ( 30 mmlong), FMMC 8215, Province Toliara, Petriky,  10 m, littoral subhumid forest on sandy soil; 25°3.73’ S, 46°52.16’ E, leg. B. L. Fisher, Winklerextraction,  22.IX.1998.   Othermaterial examined: 1 ♂, 5 ♀, 8 imm., FMMC W010B, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Forêt Petit Lavasoa, rainforest, 25°05.021’ S, 46°46.110’ E, leg. T. Weseneret al.,  21.V.2007;  1 ♀, ZMH W010B, same data as previous;  4 ♀, 8 imm., W010B, same data as previous, voucher specimens deposited at the University Antananarivo;  3 imm., FMMC W099, Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain, Grand Lavasoa, rainforest, 25°5’10.23” S, 46°44’55.93” E, leg. Weseneret al.,  14.VI.2007.    Differentialdiagnosis:until now, no other species of Spirobolidawith a reduced number of ocelli is known from Madagascar. Because of the unusual morphological adaptation to the special life style, the placement of  O. subterraneusinside  Ostinobolusis only tentative and less certain than in other Spirobolidaspecies.    Description. Measurements: males with 42–44 body rings, circa 30 mmlong (broken), 2.7–3.2 mmwide. Females of similar length and width.  Colorationfaded in alcohol. Head, legs anal valves, median part of collum and posterior part of metazonites brownish-red. Mesozonites and anterior part of metazonites dark grey ( Figs 52A–C). Eyesreduced, with circa eight decolorized ocelli ( Fig. 52A). Antennaeprotruding back to ring 3 ( Fig. 52A). First leg pair elongated, larger than second pair ( Fig. 52A). Legs very short, length only 0.4 times body diameter ( Fig. 52B). Male coxal processesabsent ( Fig. 52B). Preanal processabsent, but anal valves not elongated posteriorly like in congeneric species ( Fig. 52C).  Anterior gonopodsternite wide. Lobe short, triangular with a sharp tip ( Fig. 52E). Sternite tip protruding as high as coxite. Telopodite large, with a well-developed and well-rounded retrorse process, starting at midpoint of telopodite, retrorse part extending beyond telopodite but not coxite ( Fig. 52G).  Posterior gonopods: short and wide ( Fig. 52F). Apical half of mesal margin filled by a swollen, membranous area. No trace of star-shaped membranous folds. Sperm canal protruding above telopodite margin mesally into a two-tipped lobe ( Fig. 52H).    Distributionand ecology: only known from a small area in the extreme southeast of Madagascar. The species is obviously microendemic to the subhumid forest of Petriky and five kilometers south of the isolated rainforest sites on the Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain ( Fig. 49). Unlike cave dwelling millipede species,  Ostinobolus subterraneus sp. n.does not display elongated legs and antennae. The reduced number of ocelli and the elongation of the first leg pair are probably an adaptation to life inside the thick root horizon, the only place where this species was collected.    Etymology:  subterraneus, adjective, refers to the life deep inside the soil to which this species is adapted. 2612160305 1998-09-22 FMMC B. L. Fisher & Winkler 10 -25.062166 Petriky 12 46.869335 Province 94 95 FMMC 8215 31 10 Toliara holotype 2612160317 2007-05-21 FMMC T. Wesener -25.083683 Foret Petit Lavasoa 1 46.7685 Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain 94 95 W010 13 5 2612160312 [586,1104,448,475] 2007-05-21 ZMH T. Wesener -25.083683 Foret Petit Lavasoa 1 46.7685 Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain 94 95 W010 1 1 2612160301 2007-05-21 ZMH University -25.083683 Foret Petit Lavasoa 1 46.7685 Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain 94 95 12 4 Antananarivo 2612160311 2007-06-14 FMMC Wesener -25.086176 Grand Lavasoa 1 46.74887 Ambatotsirongorongo Mountain 94 95 W099 3 Antananarivo