A new species of the pill millipede genus Rhopalomeris Verhoeff, 1906 (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae) from Myanmar, and notes on Rhopalomeris carnifex (Pocock, 1889) Likhitrakarn, Natdanai Golovatch, Sergei I. Srisonchai, Ruttapon Jirapatrasilp, Parin Sapparojpattana, Pichsinee Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai Panha, Somsak Sutcharit, Chirasak ZooKeys 2024 2024-10-16 1215 235 257 Likhitrakarn Likhitrakarn & Golovatch & Srisonchai & Jirapatrasilp & Sapparojpattana & Jeratthitikul & Panha & Sutcharit 2024 Diplopoda Glomeridae Rhopalomeris Animalia Glomerida Arthropoda species nigroflava sp. nov.   Figs 4, 5, 6   Material examined.    Holotype: Myanmar– Kayin State• ♂; Linno Gu( Lateral small cave);  16°50'52.9"N, 097°36'37.7"E;  25 Nov. 2015; F. Bréhierleg.; MY 15-13 / 01 -  CUMZ-GLO 093.   Paratypes: Myanmar– Kayin State• 7 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀; same locality as holotype; MY 15-13 / 01 -  CUMZ-GLO 093) •  2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀; same locality as holotype;  MNHN-MY 15-13 / 01.   Diagnosis. Differs from other species of  Rhopalomerisby the yellowish body with contrasting brown to blackish markings on terga 4–9 (Fig. 4 A – F). Additionally, characterized by the smallest body sizes ( 5.1–9.7 mmin length and 2.6–4.7 mmin width), coupled with the telopod syncoxital lobe being slightly lower than lateral syncoxite horns. For further details, see key below.   Figure 4.   Rhopalomeris nigroflava sp. nov., A – C♂ holotype in Adorsal Blateral and Cventral views D – F♂ paratypes D, Edorsal and Fventral views. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.   Description. Body length of unrolled holotype, 7.3 mm, width 4.1 mm. Body length of unrolled paratypes, 5.6–9.3 mm( ♂), 5.1–9.7 mm( ♀), width 3.1–4.8 ( ♂), 2.6–4.7 mm( ♀). Color faded after nine years of preservation in alcohol (Fig. 4 A – F): body yellowish to brown yellowish, with contrasting brown to blackish markings on terga 4–9 (Fig. 4 A, B, D, E); lateral sides of terga 10, 11, and anal shield sometimes with a pair of small, faint, dark paramedian spots, these reaching neither caudal nor lateral edges (Fig. 4 A, B, D, E); head, antennae and collum brown to dark brownish, only labrum, vertex and Tömösváry’s organ light brown; venter yellow brown to light yellowish; legs pale brown to brownish, with basal part of each podomere whitish (Fig. 4 C, F). Labrum sparsely setose (Figs 4 C, F, 5 A). Gnathochilarium with 2 + 2 palps subequal in length. Eyes blackish, with 6 (7) + 1 ( ♂) ommatidia (Fig. 5 A), 6 – (9) + 1 ommatidia ( ♀), cornea convex and translucent. Antennomere 6 rather short, ~ 1.7–1.8 × as long as its height, dorsal margin only slightly curved (Figs 4 C, 5 A, C). Disk of antennomere 7 beset with 22–28 small sensory cones apically (Fig. 5 A, C), 16–26 small sensory cones apically ( ♀). Tömösváry’s organ typical, horseshoe-shaped, oblong-oval, elongate, ~ 1.6–1.7 × as long as broad (Fig. 5 A, C).   Figure 5.   Rhopalomeris nigroflava sp. nov., ♂ holotype Ahead and anterior part of body, ventral view Bthoracic shield, lateral view Cleft antenna, frontal view Dleg 18, anterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm ( A, B), 0.2 mm ( C), 0.4 mm ( D). Abbreviations: cxl coxal lobe, e eggs, hy hyposchism field, K caudomedial tubercle, sc schism, sn syncoxite notch, sx syncoxite. Collum as usual, with two transverse striae (Fig. 5 A). Thoracic shield with a small hyposchism field not projecting past rear tergal margin (Fig. 5 B). 7–9 mostly superficial striae, only lower 4 or 5 lying above schism, one level to schism, remaining 3 or 4 below schism, 6 or 7 complete, crossing the dorsum (Fig. 5 B). Terga 3–7 rather broadly rounded laterally, with two or three striae starting above lateral edge, sometimes middle stria fading away mid-dorsally (Fig. 5 B). Following terga in front of pygidium concave medially at caudal edge and with one or two striae starting above lateral edge. Male pygidium faintly concave medially at caudal edge (Fig. 4 A, D, E).  ♂legs 17 (Fig. 6 A – C) particularly strongly reduced, with a rather small to medium-sized, often irregularly rounded coxal lobe and a 4 - segmented telopodite. Tarsus with 2–4 strong apical spines.   Figure 6.   Rhopalomeris nigroflava sp. nov., A, B♂ paratypes C – F♂ holotype A – Cleg 17, anterior view D, Etelopod, posterior and anterior views, respectively F, Gtip of syncoxital lobes (without scaling). Scale bars: 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: cx coxa, cxl coxal lobe, fe femur, fp femoral process, ft femoral trichostele, pf prefemur, pft prefemoral trichostele of telopod, sh syncoxital horn of telopod, sl syncoxital lobe of telopod, ta tarsus, ti tibia, tp tibial process.  ♂legs 18 (Fig. 5 D) rather strongly reduced, with a rounded ogival syncoxital notch and a 4 - segmented telopodite. Femur with a small, setose, caudomedial tubercle near apex. Tarsus with a small apical spine. Telopods (= ♂legs 19) (Fig. 6 D – G) with a small subtrapeziform, narrowly and roundly emarginated syncoxital lobe, this being flanked by two setose syncoxite horns, each of the latter higher than syncoxital lobe (Fig. 6 D, E) and crowned by a subapical setoid filament (Fig. 6 F, G). Telopodite 4 - segmented. Prefemur (Fig. 6 E) rectangular, with a conspicuous, elongated, robust, tuberculiform, distomesal prefemoral trichostele; in anterior view, with a rounded tip, extending to about half or distal boundary of femur (Fig. 6 E). Femur (Fig. 6 D, E) rectangular, with a prominent, stout, relatively short femoral trichostele in anterior view, extending apically to ~ 1 / 2–3 / 4 prefemoral trichostele, in posterior view with a rounded, subtriangular femoral process, this being curved anterolaterally and gently tapering into an acuminate rounded tip distally (Fig. 6 D, E). Tibia stout, gently tapering distally and curved apicobasally towards femoral process, with a rather large, distolateral tibial process strongly curved mesad (Fig. 6 D, E), with a strong anterior seta in anterior view (Fig. 6 D) near base of tibial process. Tarsus the smallest, subcylindrical, moderately sigmoid, strongly curved, narrowly rounded apically, with a robust and small terminal seta (Fig. 6 D, E).   Remarks. It seems noteworthy that a female and two male(Fig. 5 C) specimens were found guarding a clutch of eggs near its head, beneath the thoracic shield. This behavior deviates from the typical reproductive strategy so far known in the entire order Glomerida, where females deposit eggs in specialized clay chambers and leave them to develop independently ( Thomas et al. 1970; Janssen 2013). This is the first instance of paternal brood care observed in Glomerida. Therefore, this newly discovered species presents fascinating traits worthy of a dedicated future study.   Etymology. The specific epithet  nigroflavais derived from the Latin nigermeaning black and flavusmeaning yellow, in reference to the dark bands on a yellowish dorsum, adjective in feminine gender. 4953658301 Lateral small cave 2015-11-25 CUMZ F. Brehier Myanmar 16.848028 Linno Gu 1 97.61047 CUMZ-GLO 093 1 1 Kayin State holotype 4953658308 Lateral small cave 2015-11-25 CUMZ F. Brehier Myanmar 16.848028 Kayin State 1 97.61047 CUMZ-GLO 093 12 5 7 Kayin State paratype 4953658304 Lateral small cave 2015-11-25 MNHN F. Brehier Myanmar 16.848028 Linno Gu 1 97.61047 MNHN-MY 15 4 2 2 Kayin paratype