Physoschistura mango, a new miniature species of loach from Myanmar (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) Conway, Kevin W. Kottelat, Maurice Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2023 2023-11-23 71 681 701 Conway & Kottelat, 2023 Conway & Kottelat 2023 [955,1207,1992,2016] Nemacheilidae Physoschistura Animalia Cypriniformes 2 683 Chordata species mango sp. nov.  ( Figs. 1–11)   Petruichthys sp.(Hopong) – Kano et al. (2022).  Holotype. MHNG 2790.086, male, 18.5 mmSL; Myanmar: Shan State: pool at foot of a hill near Hopong, located 30 kmto the east of Taunggyi; Kamphol Udomritthiruj(from aquarium-fish collectors),  July 2008.  Fig. 2.  Physoschistura mango, aquarium trade; A, TCWC 20684.01, male, 21.7 mm SL; B, female, not preserved, not measured.    Paratypes. ZRC 65321, 2, 16.3–16.9 mmSL; CMK 20748, 5, 17.1–22.0 mm SL; collected with holotype.   Non-type material. TCWC20683.01, 2 (C&S), 19.0– 23.5 mmSL; TCWC20684.01, 1 ( SEM), 21.7 mmSL; TCWC20685.01, 1 (DNA voucher), 20.1 mmSL; locality unknown (aquarium trade).   Diagnosis.  Physoschistura mangois distinguished from congeners by features of the adult sexually dichromatic colour pattern, comprising a solid dark brown to black horizontal stripe along body side (distinct in mature males only), and a series of small spots or irregular markings in females (vs. colour pattern not known to be sexually dichromatic, comprising a series of vertical bars, most obvious on posterior half of body), and by having a shorter lateral-line canal on the body (5–6 pores vs. 5–10 in  Ph. brunneana, 29 in  Ph. raoi, 56–57 in  Ph. rivulicola, 16–37 in “  Ph.” pseudobrunneana). It is further distinguished by a number of reductive features of the cephalic lateral-line canal system, including a shorter infraorbital canal, with 5–7 pores, restricted to a short series of ossicles associated with the ventral edge of the lachrymal (vs. extending around entire ventral margin of orbit, with 11–13 pores in  Ph. brunneana, 11 in  Ph. raoi, 10 in  Ph. rivulicolaand “  Ph.” pseudobrunneana), a shorter preoperculo-mandibular canal, restricted to preopercle only, with 2–4 pores (vs. preoperculo-mandibular canal present on both dentary and preopercle, with 9–10 pores in  Ph. brunneana, 8 in  Ph. raoi, 9 in  Ph. rivulicola,and 7 in “  Ph.” pseudobrunneana). It is further distinguished from  Ph. brunneanaand  Ph. raoiby having 8+8 principal caudal-fin rays (vs. 9+8), from P h. r aoiand  Ph. rivulicolaby the absence (vs. presence) of the axillary pelvic-lobe, and from “  Ph.” pseudobrunneanaby the absence (vs. presence) of a suborbital flap in males.   Physoschistura mangois also distinguished from the potentially closely related, and externally similar,  Petruichthys brevisby the absence (vs. presence) of a suborbital flap in males, by having a shorter lateral-line canal on the body, with 5–6 pores (vs. 12 pores), and by a number of reductive features of the cephalic lateral-line canal system, including a shorter infraorbital canal, with 5–7 pores, restricted to a short series of ossicles associated with the ventral edge of the lachrymal (vs. with 11 pores, extending around entire ventral margin of orbit), by having the infraorbital canal separate from the otic canal (vs. connected), and by a shorter preoperculo-mandibular canal, restricted to preopercle only, with 2–4 pores (vs. preoperculo-mandibular canal present on both dentary and preopercle, with 9 pores). In life,  Ph. mangois distinguished from Pe. brevisby features of the adult male nuptial colour pattern, including a solid orange-reddish background colour (vs. salmon to light cream background colour).   Description.Description based on typematerial, unless noted. See Figs. 1and 2for general appearance and Table 1for select morphometric characters. A moderately elongate nemacheilid with body depth gradually increasing up to point slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin, then decreasing below dorsal-fin base, and then almost uniform until caudal-fin base. Dorsal profile with a shallow concavity at nape. Head slightly compressed, as deep as anterior part of body, deeper than caudal peduncle; body slightly compressed anteriorly to compressed posteriorly. Eye large, diameter greater than snout length. Margin of orbit visible in both dorsal and ventral views. In lateral view, eye flush with dorsal profile of head. Snout short, ethmoid region raised, dome-like in dorsal and lateral views. Mature males without suborbital flap ( Fig. 3A). Anus closer to anal-fin origin than base of pelvic fin. Caudal peduncle without dorsal or ventral keel, its depth uniform, 1.6 times in its length. Largest recorded size 23.5 mmSL (non-type material). Following counts obtained from non-type C&S material (TCWC 20683.01). Dorsal fin with 3–4 unbranched and 8½ branched rays (iii-iv,8½); distal margin straight to slightly convex; first branched ray longest. Anal fin with 3 unbranched and 5½ branched rays (iii,5½); distal margin slightly concave. Caudal fin with 8+8 principal rays; 7–8 dorsal procurrent rays, 5–6 ventral procurrent rays; forked, lobes rounded, upper lobe 1.2 times length of lower lobe, 1.4 times length of median rays. Paired fins large. Pectoral fin with 1 unbranched, 8–9 branched rays, and 1 small unbranched ray (i,8–9,i); triangular, with obvious sexual dimorphism in fin size when pressed against body side, reaching past imaginary vertical line through base of second branched dorsal-fin ray in males, not reaching past imaginary vertical line through origin of dorsal fin in females; configuration of anterior branched pectoral-fin rays also sexually dimorphic (see under sexual dimorphism for further details). Axillary pectoral lobe absent. Pelvic fin with 1 unbranched, 6 branched, and 1 small unbranched rays (i,6,i); reaching mid-way between anus and anal-fin origin when pressed against body; posterior margin slightly convex; origin along imaginary vertical line through base of 4–5 thbranched dorsal-fin ray; axillary lobe absent. Body covered by tiny cycloid scales, excluding ventral surface between pectoral fins. Lateral-line canal on body incomplete, very short, with 5–6 pores only. Lateral-line canal on body supported by short, tube-like ossifications; two anteriormost larger than preceding ossifications ( Fig. 10D, E). Cephalic lateral-line canal system with 7 supraorbital, 3–4 otic, 5–7 infraorbital, 2–4 preoperculo-mandibular, and 2+2, 3 or 5 supratemporal pores ( Fig. 3A). Preoperculo-mandibular canal restricted to preopercle ( Fig. 9B). Infraorbital canal (=A2 portion of infraorbital canal of Kottelat, 1990) restricted to snout, with 5–7 pores; canal formed by one or two ossicles ventral to ribbon-like lachrymal, anteriormost with dorsally directed tubule anteriorly ( Fig. 9A). Otic canal (=A1 portion of infraorbital canal of Kottelat, 1990) disjunct from infraorbital canal, with 3–4 pores; connected posteriorly to supratemporal canal on both sides of head in 1 of 2 C&S specimens; connected on left side only in 1 C&S. Supratemporal canal interrupted medially in 1 paratype, with 2 pores on each side (2+2); complete across midline, with 3 or 5 pores in other material.  Table 1. Morphometric data of  Physoschistura mango(n=8; holotype, paratypes CMK 20748 [5], ZRC 65321 [2]). Range and mean include holotype data.     Holotype  Range  Mean  Standard length (mm) 18.5 16.3–22.0  Total length (mm) 23.8 21.9–28.7   In percent of standard length  Total length 128 128–135 132  Head length (lateral) Predorsal length Prepelvic length Pre-anus length Pre-anal length Head depth at orbit Head depth at occiput 28 51 51 68 76 16 20 23–29 50–57 50–53 68–75 71–78 13–17 19–21 26 52 51 71 75 15 20  Body depth at dorsal-fin origin 21 19–23 21  Depth of caudal peduncle Length of caudal peduncle Snout length Eye diameter 11 14 9 8 10–13 11–16 6–9 8–10 11 13 7 9  Length of dorsal fin 19 17–21 19  Length of upper caudal-fin lobe Length of lower caudal-fin lobe 29 29 27–37 26–34 33 31  Length of anal fin 19 17–21 19  Length of pelvic fin 19 17–23 20  Length of pectoral fin 22 19–22 20   In percent of lateral head length  Snout length 32 24–33 28  Eye diameter 29 29–38 34 Anterior nostril pierced at tip of a short, anterodorsally directed tube. Posterior nostril large, adjacent to base of anterior nostril tube. Mouth arched, gape 1.3 times wider than long ( Fig. 4A, B). Lips papiliferous; each papilla bearing a single tastebud at apex ( Fig. 4B, F, G). Upper lip without centre notch ( Fig 4B). Processus dentiformis well developed, hidden in ventral view by upper lip. Lower lip thicker than upper lip, with V-shaped interruption at centre; area of lip adjacent to interruption swollen, forming a triangular cushion, with 2–3 shallow folds, forming crenate lateral margin ( Fig. 4A, B). Tip of lower jaw exposed by V-shaped median interruption in lower lip. Margin of lower jaw rounded, without median notch or concavity. Inner rostral barbel reaching past imaginary vertical line through anterior margin of eye, not reaching to imaginary vertical line through centre; outer rostral barbel reaching to imaginary vertical line through centre of eye. Maxillary barbel reaching to or slightly past imaginary vertical line through posterior margin of eye. Surface of all barbels covered with tastebuds ( Fig. 4C–E).  Fig. 3. Schematic diagram showing arrangement of cephalic lateral-line canals of  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20684.01, male, 21.7 mm SL. Lateral line canals are shown in dark grey. Dashed black lines indicate that the distal part of barbel is not illustrated. Abbreviations: IOC, infraorbital canal; OC, otic canal; P-MC, preoperculo-mandibular canal; SOC, supraorbital; STC, supratemporal canal. Following information based on non-type material (TCWC 20683.01). Intestine with bend posterior to stomach (Fig. 11). first branched ray; membrane between branches of second branched ray reduced in both sexes. Membrane between distal part of third and fourth branched ray in male wider than between fourth and fifth due to anterior displacement of third branched ray ( Fig. 5). First to third branched rays of male with an elongate patch of tiny tubercles on dorsal surface. Examination of a single mature male (TCWC 20684.01) using SEM revealed each elongate patch of tubercles to comprise 9–10 mediolateral rows of 20–50 tubercles, with a weak gradient in tubercle height from anterior to posterior within each patch (ranging from ~50 µm in anterior rows to ~30 µm in posterior rows) ( Fig. 6). Tubercles located within anteriormost rows of anteriormost patch (associated with first branched ray) appear larger than tubercles located within anteriormost rows of the two posterior patches (associated with second and third branched rays) ( Fig. 6). In male examined with SEM, 2–4 larger conical tubercles (~50–60 µm in height), each with pointed tip, located on inner face of each barbel, close to base ( Fig. 4C–E). Similar tubercles not observed in other males (n=5) and their presence in a single individual may be associated with reproductive condition. No tubercles observed on other body surfaces or other fins in males. No tubercles observed in females.  Fig. 4.  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20684.01, male, 21.7 mm SL, scanning electron micrographs of mouth and associated structures, ventral view; A, Low magnification overview; B, Mouth, in ventral view; C, Higher magnification image of base of outer rostral barbel, right side, showing conical tubercles and taste buds; D, Higher magnification image of base of inner outer rostral barbel, right side, showing conical tubercles and taste buds; E, Higher magnification image of conical tubercle in centre of D; F, Higher magnification image of papilliferous lower lip, right side; G, Higher magnification image of five papillae on lower lip, right side, showing single tastebud at summit of each papilla. Abbreviations: IRB, inner rostral barbel; LJ, lower jaw; LL, lower lip; MB, mandibular barbel; ORB, outer rostral barbel; T, tubercle; TB, tastebud; UL, upper lip.  Fig. 5.  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20683.01, male, 23.4 mm SL, pectoral fin of male, right side; A, dorsal view; B, ventral view (image reversed). Anterior chamber of swimbladder bilobed, surrounded by bony swimbladder capsule ( Fig. 7C, D). Posterior chamber of swimbladder large, occupying most of dorsal region of abdominal cavity in both sexes ( Fig. 7A, B). Postepiphyseal fontanelle well-developed ( Fig. 8A). Mesethmoid and vomer fused ( Fig 8). Preethmoid absent; preautopalatine and second preethmoid present ( Fig. 9B, C). Branchiostegal rays 3 ( Fig. 9F). Ceratobranchial 5 with ~10 conical pharyngeal teeth, arranged in single row around posteromedial edge of bone; 4 lowermost teeth approximately twice as large as other teeth ( Fig. 9D). Gill rakers present along posterior edge of ceratobranchial 1, anterior and posterior edge of ceratobranchial 2-4, and anterior edge of ceratobranchial 5; small, triangular fleshy projections, without obvious ossification ( Fig. 9D). Gill rakers absent from anterior edge of ceratobranchial 1. Total number of vertebrae 32 or 33, comprising 16 or 17 abdominal and 16 caudal vertebrae. Ribs not symmetrically developed, 9(left)/8(right) or 10(left)/9(right). Insertion of first dorsal-fin pterygiophore between neural spines of vertebrae 9/10. Insertion of first anal-fin pterygiophore between hemal spines of vertebrae 20/21 or 21/22. Caudal-fin skeleton with 5 hypurals.  Sexual dimorphism.Following information based on non-type material. Pectoral fin longer in males than in females, more pointed, more rigid and expanded laterally. First pectoral-fin branched ray (second pectoral-fin ray) of males thicker than unbranched ray (first pectoral-fin ray) and other branched rays ( Fig. 5). Membrane between branches of first branched ray reduced in both sexes. Distal part of second and third branched ray displaced anteriorly in male, approaching Size and shape of posterior chamber of swimbladder markedly different between two dissected specimens, one male, one female(TCWC 20683.01). In male, posterior chamber of swimbladder occupying most of abdominal cavity, rounded posteriorly, near-uniform diameter along its length ( Fig. 7A). Wall of chamber in male also thin, appearing transparent. Posterior chamber in female smaller than that of male, exhibiting distinct reduction in diameter towards posterior (diameter of posterior region approximately half that of anterior region) ( Fig. 7B). Wall of chamber in female opaque, thicker than that of male.  Colouration.In preservative, body background colour light cream to white ( Fig. 1). Darker pigment features faint in holotypeand paratypeseries ( Fig. 1A, B), including series of dark brown to black spots along dorsal surface, some extended ventrally to form short vertical bars; a horizontal row of dark brown to black spots or small irregular markings along body side, level with horizontal septum. Additional dark brown to black spots or small irregular markings along ventrolateral part in some females. A dark brown to black spot on caudal-fin base, slightly below midline, covering base of uppermost principal rays of lower lobe (weakly developed in holotypeand paratypeseries; Fig. 1A, B). Fin rays with weak scattering of dark brown to black pigment in all fins, most pronounced along first (unbranched) ray of pectoral fin in male. Dorsal and lateral surface of head scattered with dark brown to black pigment, most evident on snout where pigment forms a faint stripe anterior to eye. In mature males (non-type material; Fig. 1C), markings of horizontal row fused together to form a solid horizontal stripe, similar in depth to pupil diameter. Following information based on non-type material. In life ( Fig. 2), body semi-translucent, background colour light creamy brown to white in female, pale yellow to light orange in males. Features of pigmentation on body and head described above appear light brown in female ( Fig. 2B), darker brown in male ( Fig. 2A). In female, outermost principal caudal-fin rays appear light yellow, rays of other fins and membranes between rays of all fins transparent ( Fig. 2B). In male, rays of all fins appear light orange, membranes between rays transparent ( Fig. 2A). Based on Kano et al. (2022: fig. 3E), a specimen collected from Hopong and photographed when still alive exhibited a semi-translucent body, with a pale orange background colour in life. The markings on the dorsal and lateral surface of the body in this individual (similar to those of the holotypeand paratypes; Fig. 1A, B) appear light brown.   Distribution and habitat.The typelocality is a small pool, near the town of Hopong, located 30kmto the east of Taunggyi, Shan State, Myanmar. The typematerial was part of a batch of aquarium fishes exported from Myanmarto Thailand; the collector stated that they had been caught at the typelocality of  Danio margaritatus( Roberts, 2007). Roberts (2007: 138)reported that with  D. margaritatusoccurred “a small species of the nemacheiline loach genus  Yunnanilus”, which was likely  Physoschistura mango. If true, the typelocality is figured by Roberts (2007: fig. 5). Based on COI sequence data (see below),  Ph. mangois the species reported from Hopong by Kano et al. (2022)and referred to as  Petruichthyssp.(Hopong). In addition to  Ph. mango, Kano et al. (2022: table 1) report 24 other species of freshwater fishes from Hopong, including three other nemacheilids (  Petruichthy brevis,  Physoschistura brunneana, and  Physoschistura rivulicola).  COI barcode.We obtained one 665 bp segment of the COI gene from an individual of  Physoschistura mangoobtained via the aquarium trade (non-type material, TCWC 20685.01; GenBank OR745073). This sequence is highly similar (as determined via Blast search) to two other COI sequences currently available on GenBank, including AP012141.1, obtained from an aquarium specimen identified as  Yunnanilussp.“rosy loach” (M. Miya, unpublished), and LC645164.1, obtained from an individual referred to as  Petruichthyssp.(Hopong) by Kano et al. (2022). The mean uncorrected p-distance between the three sequences is 0.4%. Based on this information, we conclude that the new species,  Petruichthyssp.(Hopong) of Kano et al. (2022)and the “Rosy” loach of the aquarium hobby are conspecific. The mean uncorrected p-distance between  Ph. mango,four other species of  Physoschisturaand  Petruichthysranged between 8.7–12.6% ( Table 2).   Etymology.Mango, the tree  Mangifera indicain reference to the orange-yellow flesh of its fruit. A noun in apposition.  Notes on biology.There is no information on biology in the wild. In aquarium (KWC, pers. obs.; Dederer, 2023), individuals swim actively in the lower part of the water column between short periods of rest on the substrate (while most nemacheilids dwell on the substrate). Mature males frequently chase each other and spar aggressively, involving nipping of the body and fins. Successful spawning and rearing have occurred in a densely planted aquarium ( Dederer, 2023).   Remarks.The new species exhibits the majority of the diagnostic characters of  Physoschisturalisted in the original description by Bănărescu & Nalbant (in Singh et al., 1982). This includes an incomplete lateral line, not reaching beyond the dorsal fin (lateral line with 5–6 pores only in  Ph. mango); a forked caudal fin (weakly forked in  Ph. mango); dorsal fin with 8 or 9 branched rays (8½ in  Ph. mango,equal to 9 of Bănărescu & Nalbant); feeble to moderately developed processus dentiformis on upper jaw (moderate in  Ph. mango; Fig. 4B); two halves of the swimbladder capsule joint and coalescent on their inner face (not connected by a manubrium) (see Figs. 7D, 10C); and posterior chamber of swimbladder well developed, free, more or less conical, in direct contact with the capsule (see Fig. 7C,D; in  Ph. mangothe well-developed posterior chamber of the swimbladder is separated from the posterior face of the swimbladder capsule by a short gap). The last character listed as diagnostic for  Physoschisturaby Bănărescu & Nalbant (in Singh et al., 1982: 208) relates to pigmentation: “body with brownish crossbars.”  Physoschistura mangodoes not exhibit crossbars (which we interpret as vertical bars), and instead exhibits a sexually dichromatic colour pattern that is quite different from the other species currently placed in  Physoschisturaand more reminiscent of  Petruichthys brevis( Fig. 12). This includes a horizontal row of dark brown to black blotches along the centre of the body, more prominent in males, especially in mature males, which develop a solid horizontal stripe, likely formed via fusion of the blotches or darkening of the intervening pigment.  Fig. 7.  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20683.01, swimbladder; A, dissected male, 23.4 mm SL, posterior chamber, ventral view, ventral body wall, digestive tract, and reproductive organs removed; B, dissected female, 19.0 mm SL, posterior chamber, ventral view, ventral body wall, digestive tract, and reproductive organs removed; C, dissected female C&S specimen, 19.0 mm SL, lateral view, showing swimbladder in relation to surrounding skeleton; D, same as C, ventral view. Dashed white line outlines posterior chamber (A) or anterior chamber and connecting duct (C, D). Abbreviations: AC, anterior chamber; Boc, basioccipital; Exoc, exoccipital; LP1, lateral process 1; LP2+Oos, bony capsule formed by lateral process 2+outer arm of Os suspensorium; NS4–5, neural spine 4–5; PC, posterior chamber; PF, pectoral fin; P-MR, proximal-middle radial; R5, fith rib; SN3, supraneural 3; V11, vertebral centrum 11.  Fig. 8.  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20683.01, female, 19.0 mm SL, C&S, neurocranium in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view. Nasal bone removed during dissection. Single scale bar shared by A–C. Abbreviations: Asph, autosphenotic; Boc, basioccipital; Epo, epiotic; Exoc, exoccipital; E+Vo, mesethmoid+vomer; Fr, frontal; LE, lateral ethmoid; Orsph, orbitosphenoid; Pa, parital; Pro, prootic; Psph, parasphenoid; Pt, pterotic; Ptsph, pterosphenoid; Soc, supraoccipital.  Fig. 9.  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20683.01, female, 19.0 mm SL, C&S, infraorbital series and viscerocranium. A, Infraorbital series, right side (image reversed), lateral view; canal outlined by thin solid or dashed black line, pores in grey; B, jaws, hyopalatine arch and opercular series, right side (image reversed), lateral view; canal on preopercle outlined by thin black line, pores in grey; C, jaws, right side (image reversed), medial view; coronomeckelian, kinethmoid, preautopalatine and second preethmoid outlined by thin black or white line; D, lower gill arch elements, dorsal view; sublingual outlined by thin solid and dashed black line. E, upper gill arch elements, left side, dorsal view; F, hyoid bar, branchiostegal rays, left side, lateral view, and urohyal, lateral view. Scale bar shared by D and E. Abbreviations: ACh, anterior ceratohyal; Ana, anguloarticular; Apa, autopalatine; Bb2–4, basibranchial 2–4; Bb5C, basibranchial 5 cartilage; Bh, basihyal; BrR, branchiostegal rays; Cb1–5, ceratobranchial 1–5; Cm, coronomeckelian; De, dentary; DHh, dorsal hypohyal; Eb1–4, epibranchial 1–4; Eb5C, epibranchial 5 cartilage; Ecpt, ectopterygoid; Enpt, endopterygoid; GR, gill raker; Hb1–3, hypobranchial 1–3; Hy, hyomandibular; Ih, interhyal; IOC, infraorbital canal ossification; IO1, lachrymal; Iop, interopercle; K, kinethmoid; MC, Meckel’s cartilage; Mpt, metapterygoid; Mx, maxilla; Op, opercle; PA, preautopalatine; Pb2–3, pharyngobranchial 2–3; PCh, posterior ceratohyal; PE2, second preethmoid; Pmx, premaxilla; Pop, preopercle; Q, quadrate; Ra, retroarticular; Sl, sublingual; Sop, subopercle; Sy, symplectic; Uh, urohyal; VHh, ventral hypohyal.  Table 2. Means of pairwise genetic distances between species of  Physoschisturaand  Petruichthysbased on COI sequence data.      Ph. mango    Ph.cf. rivulicola   Ph. rivulicola   Ph. brunneana   Ph. pseudobrunneana  Pe. brevis    Physoschistura mango(n=3) –    Physoschisturacf. rivulicola(n=1) 8.7  –    Physoschistura rivulicola(n=10) 8.8 6.6  –    Physoschistura brunneana(n=8) 9.4 7.2 5.8  –  “  Physoschistura” pseudobrunneana(n=3) 11.4 11.3 11 11.8  –    Petruichthys brevis(n=27) 12.6 11.6 10.3 12.1 11.4 –  Kottelat (1990)expanded the diagnosis for  Physoschisturato also include characters of the mouthparts (“mouth strongly arched, 1.5–2.0 times wider than long; lower lip with a median interruption forming two laterally broadly triangular pads with deep furrows”). These characters, especially the “triangular pad”, appear to have been misinterpreted or misunderstood by many authors (see Kottelat, 2018), and this character was later amended to “lower lip with wide median interruption, the two halves forming an acute angle, not in contact medially, wide and fleshy medially, forming a more or less triangular cushion, partly free from jaw and connected to isthmus by a frenum” ( Kottelat, 2018: 290, fig. 2). This arrangement of the lower lip is not unique to  Physoschistura, and is found also in the members of  Mustura,  Pteronemacheilus,  Protonemacheilus, and also  Petruichthys, though in the later the triangular cushion is traversed with deep folds ( Kottelat, 2018: fig. 9).  Physoschistura mangoexhibits the aforementioned condition ( Fig. 4A, B), and like Pe. brevisalso exhibits deep folds across the surface of the triangular cushion. Although  Physoschistura mangois similar in overall appearance to  Petruichthys brevis( Fig. 12), similar enough to be considered congeners by Kano et al. (2022), the new species appears to be more closely related to species of  Physoschisturathan to Pe. brevis. Both ML and MP analyses of our COI dataset ( Fig. 13) recover  Ph. mangoas a member of a clade that includes also  Ph. brunneana( typespecies of  Physoschistura),  Ph. rivulicola, and the potentially undescribed  Ph.cf. rivulicolaand  Ph.cf. brunneana(reported by Dvořák et al., 2022). Though branch support for this clade was high (87–96% bootstrap support), the relationships within are largely unresolved. We note here that all members of this clade are found within or in the vicinity of Lake Inle, and water bodies of the surrounding He-Ho plain, Shan State, Myanmar. The position of Pe. brevis, also from this area of Myanmar, is unresolved based on our analyses ( Fig. 13) (though see Dvorák et al. [2022, 2023] for a wellsupported sister group relationship between Pe. brevisand the aforementioned  Physoschisturabased on a larger dataset). As reported earlier by Dvořák et al. (2022, 2023), we did not recover “  Physoschistura” pseudobrunneanaas a close relative of the other members of  Physoschisturaincluded in our data set, rendering  Physoschisturapolyphyletic as currently recognised ( Fig. 13). It is clear based on the results presented herein, and those of other recent molecular phylogenetic studies on South Asian nemacheilids (e.g., Dvořák et al., 2022, 2023), that additional work is needed to refine the membership of  Physoschistura, and the closely related genera  Mustura,  Pteronemacheilus, and  Petruichthys. This work will likely require the erection of multiple new genera (e.g., see Kottelat, 2018) but is beyond the scope of the present study. An interesting, potentially sexually dimorphic feature of  Physoschistura mangothat deserves further investigation is the presence of tubercles at the base of the barbels ( Fig. 4A–E). We observed barbel tubercles only in a single nuptial male (TCWC 20684.01, male, 21.7 mmSL), which also had well-developed patches of tiny tubercles on the anteriormost branched pectoral-fin rays ( Fig. 6). The absence of barbel tubercles in other males (and females) that we the number of miniature species that have been described from this region in the course of the last three decades (e.g., Kullander & Britz, 2002; Britz, 2003, 2009; Kottelat et al., 2006; Roberts, 2007; Britz & Kottelat, 2008; Britz et al., 2009, 2012, 2021, 2022; Conway & Kottelat, 2011; Conway et al., 2011; Ou et al., 2011; Anoop et al., 2019; Parenti et al., 2023). Miniature fishes typically exhibit reductions in the lateral-line system ( Myers, 1958; Weitzman & Vari, 1988); the reductions that we have documented in this system for  Ph. mango, in comparison with larger bodied close relatives, including other members of  Physoschisturaand potentially also Pe. brevis, may be linked to the process of miniaturisation ( Hanken & Wake, 1993). Fig. 11.  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20683.01, male, 23.4 mm  Fig. 10.  Physoschistura mango, TCWC20683.01, female, 19.0 mm SL, dissected C&S, Weberian apparatus and adjacent structures. A, Weberian apparatus, left side, lateral view; claustrum, scaphium, and supraneural 2 outlined by thin black line; B, Weberian apparatus, dorsal view; C, Weberian apparatus, ventral view; D, lateral line canal on body, right side (image reversed), lateral view; pores outlined by thin white dashed line; E, close up of anteriormost lateral line canal ossicle on body, right side (image reversed), lateral view; canal and pores outlined by thin white dashed line, canal ossicles outlined by solid grey line. Asterisk (*) indicates position of same pore in D and E. Abbreviations: AC, anterior chamber; Boc, basioccipital; C, claustrum; Exoc, exoccipital; LLC, lateral line canal ossicle; LP1, lateral process 1; LP2+Oos, bony capsule formed by lateral process 2+outer arm of Os suspensorium; NA3-6, neural arch 3–6; NS4–6, neural spine 4–6; PC, posterior chamber; R5–6, rib 5–6; S, scaphium; Scl, supracleithrum; SN2–3, supraneural 2–3; V3, vertebral centrum 3.  Fig. 12.  Petruichthys brevis.A, NRM 28473, male, 28.6 mm SL; B, NRM 28473, female, 32.1 mm SL. SL; digestive tract. examined may be related to reproductive condition (i.e., barbel tubercles are present only in reproductively active males), or less likely, an aberration in a single individual. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of barbel tubercles in a nemacheilid, and only the second record within Cypriniformes, where they are known only from some members of the genus  Psilorhynchus(Conway et al., 2013). A second interesting, and potentially sexually dimorphic feature of  Ph. mangoinvolves the size and shape of the swimbladder (larger and with a rounded posterior part in male vs. smaller and with a pointed posterior part in female; Fig. 7A, B). Sexual dimorphism of the swimbladder is rare in cypriniform fishes (see Conway et al., 2014) and to the best of our knowledge has not been reported for the Nemacheilidae. The examination of additional specimens of  Ph. mangowill be needed to confirm if the variation reported herein represents sexual dimorphism or individual variation. The largest individual of  Physoschistura mangothat we have examined is a nuptial male, 23.4 mmSL. Using the criteria of Weitzman & Vari (1988),  Ph. mangorepresents a miniature species and would be qualified to be added to the list of miniature freshwater fishes from South and Southeast Asia compiled by Kottelat & Vidthayanon (1993)over 30 years ago, and certainly in need of an update considering The novel, and potentially sexually dimorphic, barbel tubercles of male  Physoschistura mango, a characteristic otherwise unknown from the 800 or so described species of nemacheilid loaches, should also be considered within the context of miniaturisation (i.e., morphological novelty; Hanken & Wake, 1993: 506). Morphological novelties are common in miniature Cypriniformesand include for example, the modified pectoral and pelvic fins, and pelvic pad in male  Paedocypris( Kottelat et al., 2006; Britz and Conway, 2009); modified pectoral fin, drumming muscle and sexually dimorphic Weberian apparatus and fifth rib of male  Sundadanio( Conway & Britz, 2007; Conway et al., 2011); the anteroventral tip of left cleithrum projecting into a strong spine in  Fangfangia( Britz et al., 2012); the anterior anus and urogenital opening, enlarged paired fins, drumming muscle and sexually dimorphic Weberian apparatus and fifth rib of male  Danionella( Britz, 2003, 2009; Britz & Conway, 2016; Britz et al., 2009, 2021); and the strange humeral organ of male  Barboides( Loiselle & Welcomme, 1971; Conway & Moritz, 2006; Conway et al., 2017). The vast majority of the aforementioned morphological novelties are sexually dimorphic and likely serve different roles in reproduction, as confirmed recently for  Paedocypris( Britz & Kottelat, 2008)and  Danionella( Schulze et al., 2018; Tatarsky et al., 2022). Given the popularity of  Ph. mangoin the aquarium hobby, we expect more detailed information on courtship and reproduction under aquarium conditions is likely to become available in the future.  Fig. 13. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram with lowest log likelihood score (-In L-3039.139998) obtained from analysis of COI data set showing phylogenetic position of new species (highlighted in orange). Numbers above branches represent bootstrap values (>50%) associated with ML/Maximum Parsimony analyses. Clade containing sequences of  Petruichthys breviscollapsed.  Comparative material:See Kottelat (1990, 2018) for list of material of  Petruichthysand  Physoschisturaexamined, plus the following material.  Petruichthys brevis–Lake Inle; CAS 93216, 30 (of 35), 20.0–46.0 mm SL; NRM 28473, 2, 28.6–32.1 mmSL. [964,992,2087,2108] 2008-07 MHNG Myanmar Hopong Kamphol Udomritthiruj Taunggyi 2 683 MHNG 2790.086 1 Shan holotype [136,695,349,373] CMK 4 685 ZRC 65321, 2 1 paratype 2008-07 CMK Myanmar Hopong Kamphol Udomritthiruj Taunggyi 4 685 5, 17.1 1 Shan paratype