Pholcus geniculatus White, 1841: 477
Kraus 1957: 220
S. elongatus (Vinson)
Mello-Leitão (1918: 121)
Pholcus pallidus Blackwall 1858: 433–434
Blackwall 1861: 444
Simon 1893: 481
Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall)
Mello-Leitão 1918: 119–120
Kraus 1957: 219–222
Lawrence 1958: 863–864
Yaginuma 1960: 48
Lawrence 1964: 67
Lee 1966: 35
S. pullidus
Yaginuma 1970: 646
Timm 1976: 70–72
Saaristo 1978: 102–103
Yaginuma 1986: 28–29
Huber 1998: 1597
Song et al. 1999: 65
Huber 2000: 129
Murphy and Murphy 2000: 249
Saaristo 2001: 23
Cai 2003: 20–21
S. pullidus
Beatty et al. 2008: 21–23
Sewlal and Starr 2008: 78
Irie 2009: 111
Pholcus elongatus Vinson 1863: 135–137
Thorell 1878: 162–163
Thorell 1881: 179
Thorell 1887: 8
Karsch 1891: 276
Kraus (1957: 219)
Smeringopus elongatus (Vinson)
Simon 1890: 94
Simon 1893: 476
Simon 1894: 519
Thorell 1895: 70
Thorell 1898: 274
Moenkhaus 1898: 91
Pocock 1900: 239
Strand 1907c: 125
Simon 1909: 80
Simon 1910: 190
Petrunkevitch 1911: 163
Strand 1915: 58
Sherriffs 1919: 228
Berland 1924: 193
Berland 1929: 43
Petrunkevitch 1929: 144–147
S. lesserti
Berland 1934: 326
Franganillo 1936a: 46
Franganillo 1936b: 77
Berland 1936: 81
Berland 1938: 162
Millot 1941: 18–20
Millot 1946: 150–151
Gertsch 1973: 167
Sierwald 1988: 11
Pholcus distinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge 1869: 380
Simon (1893: 475)
Pholcus tipuloides L. Koch 1872: 281–283
Marx 1889: 99
Sánchez Roig 1911: 360
Thorell (1878: 162)
Pholcus tigrinus Taczanowski 1874: 104–105
Simon 1893: 478
Priscula
Huber and Zhu (2001: 151)
Priscula tigrina (Taczanowski)
Mello-Leitão 1946: 60
Physocyclus tigrinus (Taczanowski)
Brignoli 1981: 96
Pholcus excavatus Simon, 1877: 482–483
Smeringopus excavatus (Simon)
Huber 2011b: 126
Pholcus margarita Workman 1878: 451–452
Simon (1893: 475)
Smeringopus purpureus Moenkhaus 1898: 91–93
Mello-Leitão 1918: 120–121
Kraus (1957: 219)
Smeringopus pholcicus Strand 1907a: 527
Strand 1907b: 571–573
Smeringopus todai Kishida 1913: 827
Lee (1966: 36)
Smeringopus kishidai Saito 1933: 41
Kraus (1957: 219)
Smeringopus katangae Giltay 1935: 2
Kraus (1957: 219)
Smeringopus buehleri Schenkel, 1944: 176–178
Pholcus phalangioides Walck.
Doleschall 1859: 47
Thorell 1878: 162
Pholcus
Airaghi 1902: 349–350
Pholcus pallidus
Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)
HUBER, BERNHARD A.
Zootaxa
2012
2012-09-07
3461
1
1
138
4XVJC
(Blackwall, 1858)
Blackwall
1858
[151,637,151,177]
Arachnida
Pholcidae
Smeringopus
Animalia
Araneae
64
65
Arthropoda
species
pallidus
Figs. 11, 372–373, 378–379, 382–383, 387–400
? Pholcus geniculatus White, 1841: 477( Brazil); nomen dubium (see Kraus 1957: 220); considered a synonym of S. elongatus(Vinson)by Mello-Leitão (1918: 121). Pholcus pallidus Blackwall 1858: 433–434( ♀, Brazil). Blackwall 1861: 444( ♂, Brazil). Simon 1893: 481. Smeringopus pallidus(Blackwall): Mello-Leitão 1918: 119–120. Kraus 1957: 219–222, figs. 1–6 ( Brazil, Cuba, Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Polynesia, Samoa). Lawrence 1958: 863–864( CongoR.). Yaginuma 1960: 48, fig. 98 ( Japan). Lawrence 1964: 67( South Africa). Lee 1966: 35, fig. 8r (“ S. pullidus”) (not seen). Yaginuma 1970: 646. Timm 1976: 70–72, figs. 7–8. Saaristo 1978: 102–103, figs. 23–26, 31–38 ( Seychelles). Yaginuma 1986: 28–29, pl. 6, fig. 8, fig. 17.4a,e,p. Pérez González and García-Debrás 1997: 26 ( Cuba). Huber 1998: 1597, figs. 64, 120–122 ( Costa Rica). Song et al.1999: 65, figs. 26i–o ( China, Taiwan). Huber 2000: 129, 149, figs. 15, 72, 119, 164, 191. Murphy and Murphy 2000: 249. Huber 2001: 134, figs. 431, 434–436 ( Australia). Saaristo 2001: 23, figs. 49–55 ( Seychelles). Cai 2003: 20–21(“ S. pullidus”), figs. 1–9 ( China). Beatty et al.2008: 21–23, figs. 20, 55, 67 ( Micronesia, Polynesia, Australia, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Philippines, Solomon Isl.). Sewlal and Starr 2008: 78(Lesser Antilles). Irie 2009: 111, figs. (2-2-13) 39–41, pl. 5, figs. 6–7 ( Japan). Pholcus elongatus Vinson 1863: 135–137, 307; pl. 3, figs. 5, 5a ( Réunion). Thorell 1878: 162–163( Ambon). Thorell 1881: 179. Thorell 1887: 8( Myanmar). Karsch 1891: 276( Sri Lanka); synonymized by Kraus (1957: 219). Smeringopus elongatus(Vinson): Simon 1890: 94. Simon 1893: 476. Simon 1894: 519( St. Vincent). Thorell 1895: 70( Myanmar). Thorell 1898: 274( Myanmar). Moenkhaus 1898: 91( Brazil). Pocock 1900: 239( Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar). Strand 1907c: 125( China). Simon 1909: 80( Vietnam). Simon 1910: 190( South Africa). Petrunkevitch 1911: 163. Strand 1915: 58( Madagascar). Sherriffs 1919: 228( India, Sri Lanka). Berland 1924: 193( New Caledonia). Berland 1929: 43, figs. 2–3 ( Samoa). Petrunkevitch 1929: 144–147, figs. 136–138 ( Bermudas, Puerto Rico). [ Lessert 1930: misidentification; see S. lesserti]. Berland 1934: 326, 335 ( Samoa, Marquesas). Franganillo 1936a: 46( Cuba). Franganillo 1936b: 77( Cuba). Berland 1936: 81( Cape Verde). Berland 1938: 162( New Hebrides). Millot 1941: 18–20, figs. 7a–i ( Guinea, Ivory Coast). Millot 1946: 150–151, fig. 25a ( Madagascar). Marples 1955: 466 ( Samoa). Gertsch 1973: 167( Hawaii). Roth 1985: B-33-1 ( USA). Sierwald 1988: 11( Bermuda). Pholcus distinctusO. Pickard-Cambridge 1869: 380, pl. 11, figs. 28–30 ( ♀, Sri Lanka); synonymized by Simon (1893: 475). Pholcus tipuloidesL. Koch 1872: 281–283, pl. 23, figs. 5, 5a–g ( ♂, Samoa); Marx 1889: 99, pl. 4, fig. 5 ( Bermudas) (not seen). Sánchez Roig 1911: 360( Cuba); synonymized by Thorell (1878: 162). Pholcus tigrinus Taczanowski 1874: 104–105, pl. 2, fig. 7 ( French Guiana); Simon 1893: 478(transfer to Prisculasuggested); synonymized by Huber and Zhu (2001: 151). Priscula tigrina(Taczanowski): Mello-Leitão 1946: 60. Physocyclus tigrinus(Taczanowski): Brignoli 1981: 96. Pholcus excavatus Simon, 1877: 482–483. New synonymy. Smeringopus excavatus(Simon): Huber 2011b: 126. Pholcus margarita Workman 1878: 451–452, pl. 18, figs. 1a–e ( Myanmar); synonymized by Simon (1893: 475). Smeringopus purpureus Moenkhaus 1898: 91–93, pl. 5, figs. 1, 1a–b ( ♀, Brazil); Mello-Leitão 1918: 120–121; synonymized by Kraus (1957: 219). Smeringopus pholcicus Strand 1907a: 527( ♂, Tanzania). Strand 1907b: 571–573. New synonymy. Smeringopus todai Kishida 1913: 827, fig.1 (not seen); synonymized by Lee (1966: 36). Smeringopus kishidai Saito 1933: 41, pl. 3, fig. 8 (not seen) synonymized by Kraus (1957: 219). Smeringopus katangae Giltay 1935: 2, figs. 1–3 ( ♂, CongoD.R.); synonymized by Kraus (1957: 219). Smeringopus buehleri Schenkel, 1944: 176–178, figs. 2a–c ( Indonesia). New synonymy. “ Pholcus phalangioidesWalck.[sic!]” (misidentification): Doleschall 1859: 47(see Thorell 1878: 162). “ Pholcusv-notatus Thorell, 1878” (misidentification): Leardi in Airaghi 1902: 349–350( Mahé: Indiaor Seychelles?) (see Huber 2011b). Types. Pholcus pallidus: ♀ holotypefrom Brazil, Pernambuco[~ 8°S, 35°W], leg. E. Williams, no further data, not examined.
Pholcus elongatus: unspecified number of syntypesfrom Réunion[ 21°07’S, 55°32’E], date and collector not given, not examined. Pholcus distinctus: ♀ holotypefrom Sri Lanka, leg. J. Nietner, no further data, not examined. Pholcus tipuloides: unspecified number of syntypesfrom Samoa, Upolu[ 13°55’S, 171°45’W], no further data, in ZMH, not examined. Pholcus tigrinus: 5♀ 6 juv. syntypes(2 vials) from French Guiana, St. Laurent de Maroni[ 5°30’N, 54°00’W] and Uassa [now Brazil, Amapá, Uaça, ~ 4°10’N, 51°32’W], leg. K. Yelski, dates not given, in MZPW(examined; see Huber and Zhu 2001). Pholcus excavatus: ♂ holotypefrom “ Congo”, no further locality data, apparently lost (not in MNHN). Pholcus margarita: unspecified number of specimens from ship bringing rice from Myanmar, Rangoonto Great Britain, Liverpool, no further data, not examined. Pholcus geniculatus: unspecified number of syntypesfrom Brazil, Rio de Janeiro[ 22.9°S, 43.2°W], leg. C. Darwin, no further data, not examined. Smeringopus purpureus: unspecified number of female syntypesfrom Brazil, São Paulo, São Sebastião[ 23°46’S, 45°25’W], date and collector not given, not examined. Smeringopus pholcicus: ♂ holotypefrom Tanzania, Tanga Region, East-Usambara, Amani[ 5°06’S, 38°38’E], leg. Voesseler, date not given, in ZMB(9861) and MNHN( AR 10471, right palp), examined. Smeringopus katangae: 2♂ 2♀ syntypesfrom CongoD.R., Haut-Katanga, Katompé[near Lubumbashi, ~ 11°40’S, 27°30’E], vi.1933( C. Seydel), not examined. Smeringopus buehleri: ♀ holotypefrom Indonesia, “Timor, Soë” [ Nusa Tenggara Timur, Soë: 9°51.7’S, 124°16.2’E], vi. 1935( A. Bühler), in NHMB(1224a), examined. FIGURES 372–385. Smeringopus pallidus(372–373, 378–379, 382–383) and S. lesserti(374–377, 380–381, 384–385). 372–375. Males, dorsal and ventral views. 376–377. Female, dorsal and ventral views. 378–381. Left male palps, prolateral and retrolateral views (arrow points to retrolateral apophysis). 382–385. Epigyna, ventral views and cleared female genitalia, dorsal views. Justification of new synonymies. The holotypesof S. pholcicusand S. buehleriwere both examined and found to be identical to specimens from all over the world. The type of Pholcus excavatusis lost and the description would fit almost any Smeringopus. However, it is likely that the specimen originated from the lower Congorather than from the interior, and only four species are known to occur there. Of these, only S. pallidusand S. lessertifit Simon’s (1877)description of the bulbal apophysis (“divisée dès la base en deux branches divergentes, arquées”), and since Simon did not mention the distinctive long spine at the tip of the procursus of S. lesserti( Fig. 380), I conclude that Ph. excavatusis most likely a synonym of S. pallidus. Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from similar congeners ( S. lineiventrisand other species of the arambourgispecies group) by tip of procursus ( Figs. 387–389), shapes of bulbal processes ( Figs. 390, 391), and epigynum shape (small oval to rectangular dark plate; Figs. 382, 399). Male ( Uganda, Bumaga). Total body length 5.3, carapace width 1.8. Leg 1: 47.0 (12.7 + 0.8 + 12.1 + 19.1 + 2.3), tibia 2: 8.1, tibia 3: 6.0, tibia 4: 8.4; tibia 1 L/d: 67. Habitus as in Figs. 372 and 373. Carapace ochre-yellow with brown median and lateral marks, clypeus with pair of dark stripes, sternum brown, legs ochre-yellow to light brown, femora and tibiae with dark subdistal rings and lighter tips, abdomen ochre-gray with distinct dorsal and ventral pattern. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 170 µm, distance PME-ALE 55 µm, distance AME-AME 35 µm, diameter AME 115 µm. Ocular area slightly elevated, secondary eyes with barely visible ‘pseudolenses’; deep thoracic pit. Chelicerae as in Fig. 392, with small distal apophyses. Palps as in Figs. 378 and 379, coxa with small but distinct retrolateral apophysis, trochanter barely modified, femur with wide retrolateral furrow, proximal rim slightly more distinct, cymbium with projection near tarsal organ, procursus with distinctive distal processes ( Figs. 387–389, 394), bulb with sclerotized embolus and distinctive dorsal process ( Figs. 390, 391). Legs without spines, few vertical hairs, with curved hairs ventrally on tibiae and metatarsi 1 and 2, retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Gonopore with two epiandrous spigots ( Fig. 398); ALS with eight spigots each (cf. female; Fig. 396). Variation. Tibia 1 in 26 males: 8.8–14.0 (mean 11.7). The S. pholcicus holotypeis very pale and the right palp is missing; tibia 2: 6.4. Female. In general similar to male; tibia 1 in 41 females: 8.3–13.3 (mean 11.0). Epigynum a simple, small oval to rectangular dark plate without pockets ( Figs. 382, 399); internal genitalia as in Figs. 383, 393, and 400. FIGURE 386.Known distribution of S. pallidusin Africa. Distribution. Pantropical. In Africa, S. pallidusis widely distributed from Cape Verdeto Madagascarand Mauritius, but is seems to be largely absent from southern and northeastern Africa ( Fig. 386). Material examined. Listed here are only the African countries from which I have seen material: Cape Verde, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, CongoD.R., Burundi, Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania, Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Mascarene Islands.
3747820308
Réunion
-21.116667
Reunion
1265
55.533333
64
65
1
syntype
3747820841
[349,1093,1693,1715]
J. Nietner
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
64
65
1
1
holotype
3747820844
ZMH
Samoa
-13.916667
Upolu
1289
-171.75
64
65
1
syntype
3747820459
[332,1309,1785,1807]
MZPW
K. Yelski
French Guiana
4.1666665
St. Laurent de Maroni
1307
-51.533333
64
65
11
5
Amapa
syntype
3747820796
MZPW
K. Yelski
French Guiana
4.1666665
St. Laurent de Maroni
1307
-51.533333
64
65
11
5
Amapa
syntype
3747820925
C. Darwin
Brazil
-22.9
Rio de Janeiro
7553
-43.2
64
65
1
Rio de Janeiro
syntype
3747820901
Brazil
-23.766666
Sao Sebastiao
1254
-45.416668
65
66
1
Sao Paulo
syntype
3747820580
ZMB, MNHN
Voesseler
Tanzania
-5.1
Amani
1305
38.633335
East-Usambara
65
66
AR 10471
1
1
Tanga
holotype
3747820912
1933-06
R
C. Seydel
Democratic Republic of the Congo
-11.666667
Haut-Katanga
1295
27.5
Katompe
65
66
4
2
2
syntype
3747820423
1935-06
NHMB
A. Buhler
Indonesia
-9.861667
Soe
129
124.27
65
66
1
1
Nusa Tenggara Timur
holotype