Pycnoderma fernandense Augener, 1918: 448-451 Flabelligera affinis Fauvel & Rullier 1959: 180 Piromis arenosus Fauvel & Rullier 1959: 181 Intes & Le Loeuff 1977: 236 Revision of Trophoniella Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta, Flabelligeridae) SALAzAR-Vallejo, Sergio I. Zoosystema 2012 2012-09-30 34 3 453 519 7D99L (Augener, 1918) Augener 1918 Polychaeta Flabelligeridae Trophoniella Animalia Terebellida 29 Annelida species fernandensis  ( Fig. 11)      Pycnoderma fernandense Augener, 1918: 448-451, pl. 6, figs 148, 182, pl. 7, figs 237, 238, textfig. 67.    Flabelligera affinis–  Fauvel & Rullier 1959: 180( non Sars 1829).    Piromis arenosus–  Fauvel & Rullier 1959: 181. —  Intes & Le Loeuff 1977: 236( non Kinberg 1867).   MATERIAL EXAMINED. —  Mediterranean Sea.Anteriorfragment ( IRFA), off Rovigno d’Istria, Croatia, stn 314 (no further data), 1966, Vatova( 18 mmlong, 2.3 mmwide, cephalic cage chaetae broken, 34 chaetigers). — 1 specimen( SMF14849), baie du Lazaret, Toulon, France,  1.VI.1982, V. Díaz-Castañeda( 23.5 mmlong, 1.5 mmwide, cephalic cage 1.5 mmlong, 59 chaetigers; regenerating the dorsal body wall of first few chaetigers; first anchylosed neurohooks by chaetiger 32);  1 specimenand 3 fragments ( SMF14904), same data, but  28.VI.1982(complete 9.0 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, cephalic cage 1.0 mm long, 49 chaetigers); 1 mature ♀( SMF14937), broken in 2, many chaetae broken, same data, but  11.III.1983( 20 mmlong, 1.8 mmwide, cephalic cage 2 mmlong, 56 chaetigers; oocytes about 100 µm);  1 specimen( SMF14993), same data, but  12.X.1982(used for redescription);  2 specimens( SMF15124) damaged, many chaetae broken, same data, but  15.XI.1982(11.8 -20.0 mm long, 1 -2 mmwide, cephalic cage 0 -2 mmlong, 39 -52 chaetigers); anterior fragment ( SMF15054), damaged, most chaetae broken, same data, but  11.III.1983( 17 mmlong, 1.0 mm wide, cephalic cage broken, 39 chaetigers); 2 fragments ( SMF15136), same data, but  15.XI.1982. — Anteriorfragment ( USNM 1156916), collected off île de Ryon, S of Marseille, France, dredged,  60-80 m, 1969-1970, M. Pichon( 24 mmlong, 2.5 mmwide, cephalic cage chaetae 2 mmlong, 45 chaetigers).  Eastern tropical Atlantic.Anterior fragment ( MNHNA383), off Conakry, Guinea, R/V  Calypso, stn 7 ( 09°40’N, 14°05’W), 18 m, 17.V.1956(apparently complete, tapered anteriorly, 20 mmlong, 2 mmwide, cephalic cage chaetae 2 mm, 37 chaetigers). — Anterior fragment ( MNHNA383), off Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana, R/V  Calypso, stn 26 ( 04°37’N, 00°50’W), 90-100 m, 24.V.1956(without posterior region; red-yellowish, tapered anteriorly, 21 mmlong, 2 mmwide, cephalic cage chaetae 2 mm, 45 chaetigers).   Red Sea. Anterior fragment ( BMNH1955.10.12.49), complete, with an anterodorsal dissection and a lateral distortion due to pressure, off Arlit( 31°41’14”N, 34°56’18”E), Israel, dredged,  36 m,  2.XII.1948, A. Yashouv( 12.5 mmlong, 1.8 mmwide, cephalic cage 1.5 mmlong, 34 chaetigers; median chaetigers with 13 -15 transverse rows of papillae).  DISTRIBUTION. — Originally described from equatorial western Africa, it apparently ranges northwards into the Mediterranean and probably into the Red Sea, in soft bottoms in 25-70 mdepth. This distribution might include more than one species, but they have been retained as a single one because of the preservation condition of the materials. There seems to be differences in the relative size of articles in notochaetae, being shorter in western African specimens and medium-sized or long in Mediterranean ones, but to separate them as distinct species requires better specimens.  ETYMOLOGY. — The original epithet spelling, “fernandense”, might have tried to indicate one of the collecting sites ( Fernando Póo Island, Guinea), adjusted to the apparent feminine gender of  Pycnoderma Grube, 1877. The suffix has been corrected to - ensis, as a means to indicate that the species thrives in that locality.  DESCRIPTION Complete specimen (SMF 14993), most chaetae broken, some papillae eroded ( Fig. 11A). Body subcylindrical, truncate anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; body colour concentrated in papillae; reddish anteriorly, fading to orange medially, pale posteriorly, 32 mmlong, 2.5 mmwide, cephalic cage chaetae broken, 2 mmlong, 63 chaetigers. Tunic thin, without sediment particles, softer in posterior chaetigers, not forming a crust. Papillae small, dorsal papillae slightly larger than ventral ones, each with fine brown-reddish sediment forming brown spherules, arranged in about 15 transverse rows in median segments. Anterior end observed in two other specimens (MNHN A383, SMF 14937; Fig.11E). Prostomium low cone; eyes dark brown, medium-sized.Caruncle long, separating the branchial plate in two lateral groups, not reaching the posterior margin. Palps long, pale; palp keels rounded, elevated. Lateral, ventral and dorsal lips apparently fused, forming a projected cone. Branchiae thin, cirriform, motled with irregular brown bands or colourless; sessile on a tongue-like protuberance, separated in two lateral groups; each group with branchiae arranged in four concentric rows, longest row with up to 20 filaments, about 60 filaments per group. Largest branchiae thinner and as long as palps. Nephridial lobes not seen. Cephalic cage made by chaetiger 1 ( Fig. 11B, C), chaetae less than 1/15 body length or slightly shorter than body width; each chaeta thin, about 2 mmlong (slightly less than body width at chaetiger 10); 4-5 chaetae per bundle. Chaetal transition abrupt, chaetiger 2 with shorter notochaetae ( 1 mmlong) and bifid neurochaetae. First chaetigers without dorsal lobes nor larger middorsal papillae. Dorsal margin of chaetiger 1 papillated. Ventral surface without ventrolateral lappets or gonopodial lobes. Noto- and neuropodia lateral, both scarcely developed ( Fig. 11F); associated papillae not markedly longer than other dorsal ones. Median notochaetae arranged in longitudinal or oblique series, 4-5 notochaetae anteriorly, 5-7 posteriorly, as long as ½ body width; all notochaetae multiarticulated capillaries with long articles throughout the chaeta ( Fig. 11F, inserts), shorter in other specimens. Neuropodia scarcely developed; associated papillae not markedly longer than the dorsal ones; 3-4 bidentate hooks anteriorly, 2-3 posteriorly. Bidentate neurohooks starting from chaetiger 2 (IRFA; in other specimens mostly broken), with short articles basally, longer ones medially and distally, continued to posterior chaetigers; from about chaetiger 45 anchylosed neurohooks, continued to the posterior end, bidentate, medially expanded, with short rings basally, fang curved, accessory tooth laminar, subdistally markedly expanded, fragile, often reduced to a thin, triangular blade ( Fig. 11G, inserts). Posterior end slightly swollen, without achaetous segments ( Fig. 11D); pygidium rounded, anus terminal, without anal cirri.  REMARKS   Trophoniella fernandensis n. comb.resembles  T. fiegei n. sp.but they differ in the tunic surface, number of transverse rows of papillae and the start of anchylosed neurohooks. In  T. fernandensis n. comb.the tunic is velvety or rugose, whereas it is smooth in  T. fiegei n. sp.; there are 15 transverse rows of papillae in  T. fernandensis n. comb.whereas there are only 6-9 in  T. fiegei n. sp., and in  T. fernandensis n. comb.anchylosed neurohooks start by chaetiger 45 whereas they start by chaetiger 50 in  T. fiegei n. sp. Another species,  Pycnoderma glabra( Treadwell, 1901), is regretfully too poorly known and has been included in that genus because there were no posterior chaetae (Salazar-Vallejo 2011a: 38), but that transfer might be modified once more and better specimens will be available. In case they belong to the same genus, their body papillae are homogeneously short and not adhering large sediment grains. These two species might be similar and besides the typeof posterior neurochaetae, the only apparent differences are the amount of transverse rows of papillae in median chaetigers and the formation of a crust in posterior chaetigers; thus, in  T. fernandensis n. comb., median chaetigers have about 15 transverse rows per segment and its tunic does not form a crust, whereas in  P. glabrathere are only about 10 transverse rows per segment and its tunic makes a crust in posterior chaetigers. This difference, however, requires more specimens of the latter species to better define its diagnostic features and its generic placement. As originally stated by Augener (1918: 451, 452), his species is more closely allied to other species formerly belonging in  Piromis, rather than in  Pycnoderma; he may have assigned his species to that genus because it lacks any large sediment particle adhered to the outer cover, just as it happens in the then only known species,  P. congoense Grube, 1877. However, it shares chaetal features with  Trophoniella, especially by the presence of anchylosed neurohooks in the posterior fourth of the body, which were even detailed in the original description, hence the new combination. SMF 14849 1982-06-01 IRFA, SMF du Lazaret & V. Diaz-Castaneda Croatia Toulon Mediterranean Sea. Anterior Vatova 29 1 SMF 14904 1982-06-28 SMF du Lazaret & V. Diaz-Castaneda Croatia Toulon Mediterranean Sea. Anterior Vatova 29 1 SMF 14937 1983-03-11 SMF du Lazaret & V. Diaz-Castaneda Croatia Toulon Mediterranean Sea. Anterior Vatova 29 1 1 SMF 14993 1982-10-12 SMF du Lazaret & V. Diaz-Castaneda Croatia Toulon Mediterranean Sea. Anterior Vatova 29 1 SMF 15124 1982-11-15 SMF du Lazaret & V. Diaz-Castaneda Croatia Toulon Mediterranean Sea. Anterior Vatova 29 2 SMF 15054 1983-03-11 SMF du Lazaret & V. Diaz-Castaneda Croatia Toulon Mediterranean Sea. Anterior Vatova 29 1 SMF 15136 1982-11-15 SMF Anterior & Ryon & M. Pichon France Toulon 70 S of Marseille Vatova 29 USNM 1156916 1 1948-12-02 BMNH A. Yashouv Israel 36 30 31.687222 Arlit 20 34.938335 29 1