Fascaplysinopsis reticulata Aplysinopsis reticulata : Hentschel, 1912: 437–439 Fascaplysinopsis reticulata : Erpenbeck et al. (2020) Suppl. Fascaplysinopsis cf. reticulata : Mai et al. 2019 Revision of the genus Fascaplysinopsis, the type species Fascaplysinopsis reticulata (Hentschel, 1912) (Porifera, Dictyoceratida, Thorectidae) and descriptions of two new genera and seven new species Ekins, Merrick Erpenbeck, Dirk Debitus, Cécile Petek, Sylvain Mai, Tepoerau Wörheide, Gert Hooper, John N. A. Zootaxa 2023 2023-09-19 5346 3 201 241 e712edc0-f4da-4be4-868f-c5ead804a5d0 Ekins, Erpenbeck & Hooper Ekins, Erpenbeck & Hooper 2023 [151,768,391,418] Demospongiae Thorectidae Skolosachlys Animalia Dictyoceratida 19 220 Porifera species enlutea sp. nov.   Figures 10–11  urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 63CA092F-134F-41AF-AD53-EEC8BA8F3FFA    Fascaplysinopsis reticulata: in part Bergquist 1980, Figs 3 A, 16 A–B; in part  Bergquist 1995, P1. 9, Fig. 9; Cook & Bergquist 2002: Fig. 5. C–D; Hooper 2019, Fig. 19.5 E  Not   Aplysinopsis reticulata: Hentschel, 1912: 437–439, Pl. XV(1), XVI (9) Part:  Fascaplysinopsis reticulata: Erpenbeck et al.(2020) Suppl.data Not  Fascaplysinopsiscf. reticulata: Mai et al.2019    Material examined.   Holotype QM G322803, MacGillray’s Reef, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia, 14.6477°S, 145.4882°E,  12.6m, reef, SCUBA, Coll. M. Ekins,  19/II/2006.  Paratypes: QMG322804, MacGillray’s Reef, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia, 14.6477 °S, 145.4882°E, 12.6 m, reef, SCUBA, Coll. M. Ekins, 19/II/2006; QMG322864, West Palfrey island, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia, 14.6885°S, 145.4425°E, 8 m, SCUBA, Coll. M. Ekins, 25/II/2006; QMG322865, West Palfrey Island, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia, 14.6885°S, 145.4425°E, 8 m, SCUBA, Coll. M. Ekins, 25/II/2006; QMG309895, Lizard Island, bommie 200mWest of Palfrey Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 14.69°S, 145.4433°E, 9 m, wall/cliff coral, SCUBA, Coll. Australian Institute of Marine Science & National Cancer Institute, Q66B2033-W, 18/IV/1987.  Other material. QMG304147, Blue lagoon, Lizard Island, between Palfrey and South Islands, Queensland, Australia, 14.6844°S, 145.45°E, 9 m, patch reef, sand base, SCUBA, Coll. J.N.A. Hooper, L.J. Hobbs, J. Kennedy, & S.D. Cook, 3/IV/1994; QMG307166, Wistari Reef, Wistari Channel, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 23.451389°S, 151.90194°E, 25 m, coral reef slope, sand base, SCUBA, Coll. J.N.A. Hooper, S.D. Cook, J.A. Kennedy, & P.A. Tomkins, 6/VIII/1996; QMG307532, Polmaise Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 23.55083°S, 151.6525°E, 12 m, fringing coral reef, back reef slope, SCUBA, Coll. J.N.A. Hooper, S.D. Cook, J.A. Kennedy, & P.A. Tomkins, 12/VIII/1996; QMG319124, Irene Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 15.63580°S, 145.70990°E, 16 m, bommies to south of reef, SCUBA, Coll. J.N.A. Hooper, S.D. Cook, G. Wörheide, M. Schlacher & D. Edson, 25/XI/2001; QMG320761, Houghton Reef, Howick Group, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 14.519834°S, 144.98152°E, 20 m, channel between islands, muddy sand, bommies, fringing reef off mangroves, very silty, sponge city, SCUBA, Coll. J.N.A. Hooper, S.D. Cook, M. Schlacher, M. Richer de Forges, A. Crowther & C. Bartlett, 3/VII/2003; QMG322749, Lizard island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 14.74667°S, 145.46666°E, 10 m, SCUBA, Coll. Australian Institute of Marine Science & National Cancer Institute, Q66C6219Z, 5/II/1993; QMG309885, Lizard Island Lagoon, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 14.69°S, 145.46567°E, 10 m, flat sand, Coll. Australian Institute of Marine Science & National Cancer Institute, Q66B2006-S, 17/IV/1987; QMG315234, Hook Reef lagoon, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 19.75382°S, 149.17921°E, 9.4 m, coral reef lagoon, SCUBA, Coll. S.D. Cook, J.A. Kennedy, C.L. Adams, G. Wörheide, & D. Edson, 5/ VI/1999; QMG318353, Pompey Reefs, small unnamed reef, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 21.12400°S, 151.13066°E, 27 m, sloping reef with outcrops, SCUBA, Coll. S.D. Cook, J.A. Kennedy, G. Wörheide, & W. Delaney, 17/III/2000; QMG319513, NE of Gladstone, Queensland, Australia, 23.53317°S, 151.39217°E, 28 m, Trawl, Scallop Survey, Coll. QueenslandDepartment of Primary Industries Fisheries, Deception Bay on FV Seadar Bay, 25/X/2001– 26/X/2001; QMG329143 (= QMG332299), Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 15.335°S, 145.485°E, 33.6 m, epibenthic sled, Coll. CSIRO, Sea Bed Diversity Project on RV Gwendoline May, SBD510288, 20/XI/2003; QMG329260 (= QMG331185), Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 19.305°S, 149.345°E, 68.3 m, epibenthic sled, Coll. CSIRO, Sea Bed Diversity Project on RV Gwendoline May, Site 1525, Sample 026891, SBD533956, 8/XII/2005. QMG329599, Aore Island, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, 15.53138°S, 167.19372°E, 16 m, steep sand slope, bommies, abundant sponges, patch reef at top, SCUBA, Coll. J.N.A. Hooper, UUVAN082027, 29/X/2008; QMG330241, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 23.245°S, 151.005°E, 22 m, epibenthic sled, Coll. CSIRO, Great Barrier Reef Seabed Biodiversity Project on RV Gwendoline May, Site 2670, Sample 009216, SBD516953, 25/IV/2004; QMG321047, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia, 10.42°S, 142.36°E, 13.9 m, Trawl, Coll. CSIRO, TS80000757, 19/I/2004; QMG304259, Palfrey Island, western side, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia, 14.70055556°S, 145.4347222°E, 16 m, fringing coral reef, sand and isolated bommies, SCUBA, Coll. J.N.A. Hooper, S.D. Cook, J.A. Kennedy, L.J. Hobbs, JH-94-010, 6/IV/1994; SDCC RF017, North of Cape Bedford, precise location unknown, Queensland, Australia, Coll. P. Bergquist (as per p. 1040 in Cook & Bergquist 2002).   Etymology. enG. within, luteaL. yellow.   Distribution.This species is distributed from Queensland, Australiato Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu( Fig. 10).   Description:  Growth form: The sponge is massive, plate to fan shaped, sometimes smaller sponges are subspherical ( Figs. 11 A–C). Usually with epibionts growing over the three-dimensional surface. The holotypein the collection is 11 cmlong, by 6 cmhigh and 4 cmwide, but was approximately 15 cmwide.  Colour: Black, grey, rarely dark brown sometimes olive to green due to epibionts, often covered with sand or detritus, yellow beige interior, with red fibres ( Fig. 11 E). In 70% ethanol, it tints ethanol dark red/black colour, whilst the exterior colour becomes a dark brown and the internal colour can change from yellow to dark brown also.  Oscules:The oscules are located in the centre of the plate and can occupy the entire width between the conules, which are usually 5–10 mm. The ostia are also punctuated in the centre of the valleys and these are only 1–2 mmin diameter.  Texture:Harsh, very compressible, firm and tough, but can be torn with difficulty.  Surface: Very large blunt and angular conules and ridges giving the sponge a very harsh exterior. The conules are 5–10 mmhigh, with a truncated finish as several fibres which have joined together in bundles terminate close together but still separated by up to a millimetre, giving a crown like appearance to form a truncated conule. The conules are connected to usually four sometimes five other conules with long curvaceous ridges that rise high above the valleys between them.Here the valleys have a striated appearance due to the sand particles arranged in a striped pattern resulting in partial armouring (see Fig. 11 D). The valleys are 7–12 mmwide, which is the same diameter as the aquiferous channels, which extend all the way through the sponge interior giving the sponge a cavernous interior. The fasciculate bundles of fibres form the scaffolding of the aquiferous channels and the thick collagen provides the walls of the channels.   FIGURE 11.  Skolosachlys enlutea  sp. nov.A. Paratype QM G322864 underwater. B. Paratype QM G322804 underwater. C. Holotype QM G322803 underwater. D. Close up of the fixed holotype surface showing the striated armouring of the conulose valleys. E. Cross section of the holotype QM G322803, immediately after collection showing the cavernous interior, the thick yellow collagen and the red fibres forming the structure of the aquiferous channels and conules. F. Magnified primary and secondary fibres showing the laminations, coring and junctions. G. Dissolved tissue leaving the one of the bundles (fascicles) of primary fibres, with the secondary fibres forming the ladders. There are also two additional secondary fibre at right angles to the bundles that were previously joined onto another bundle of primary fibres, ascending towards the surface. H. Prepared section at right angles to the primary fibres showing the coring of the secondary fibres and some armouring.  Ectosomal skeleton: The sponge has striated armour in a striped pattern ( Fig. 11 D), whilst the pores are clear of armour. It is possible the sponge incorporates the sand and spicules for inclusion in the fibres it often has large amounts of sand and spicules in the ectosomal layer. In addition the sponge has partial armouring because of the large amount of detritus and epibionts growing on the sponge, which become a de factoarmour. Fibres extend from choanosome to ectosomal surface producing conules.  Choanosomal skeleton: The primary fibres are laminated and cored by detritus and a definite core in the centre third of the fibre ( Fig. 11 F). The primary fibres are usually between 200 and 300 µm in thickness. The primary fibres are fasciculated, forming bundles and have many crosslinking secondary fibres often forming ladder-like structures as they ascend to the surface ( Fig. 11 G). The secondary fibres are also laminated and are much less cored, also limited to the central third of the fibre. The secondary fibres range from 50 to 250 µm.   Ecology.This species is associated with reefs, ranging from fringing reefs to lagoons and channels. It has been recovered from 9 to 68 min depth. It is often covered with encrusting ascidians such as didemnids, sponges, algae and sandy silt.   DNA Barcodes.  28S: QM G304147 (OX458939), SDCC RF017 (LR699489).  ITS: HolotypeQM G322803 (LR699338), SDCC RF017 (LR699339).  Remarks.This species is often overgrown by epibionts especially algae and covered in detritus such as sand, which the sponge incorporates as a sparse and very light armour. Instead, this sponge relies on the very heavy harsh fibres as protection. Unfortunately, Bergquist (1980)also combined this new species from northern Australiawith specimens from New Caledonia(as  Fascaplysinopsis reticulata( Hentschel, 1912)), with the latter described here as another new genus and species,  Rubrafasciculus cerasus  sp. nov., confusing the concept of  Fascaplysinopsis reticulataconfined to the typematerial from the typelocality of Aru Islands, Arafura Sea, and abandoning the broader concept of the genus  Fascaplysinsopsis(sensu Bergquist 1980, Cook & Bergquist 2002). Further confusing the diagnoses of these three species and genera, is that they most likely share a family of chemical compounds, the ‘aplysinopsins’. These misidentifications mean that chemotaxonomic markers must be treated with caution (see Erpenbeck & Van Soest 2007, Galitz et al.2021). 4419070393 reef 2006-02-19 SCUBA QM G322803 Australia 13 -14.6477 Lizard Island 7 145.4882 19 220 1 Queensland holotype