A revision of the genus Sclerocoelus Marshall (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) Kuwahara, Gregory K. Marshall, Stephen A. Paiero, Steven M. European Journal of Taxonomy 2025 2025-03-04 979 1 277 Kuwahara & Marshall & Paiero 2025 [627,863,264,291] Insecta Sphaeroceridae Sclerocoelus Animalia Diptera 111 112 Arthropoda species tantus sp. nov.   urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A3F1AA4B-F179-484A-BF53-4B9206DEFE7D  Figs 9E, 136–138    Etymology The species name (from the Latin ‘ tantus’, meaning ‘so much, so many’) reflects the abundance of  S. tantus sp. nov., specimens of which constitute almost 19% of the Neotropical  Sclerocoelusspecimens in the University of Guelph Insect Collection.    Material examined   Holotype   VENEZUELA• ♂; Mérida, Mérida, Los Chorros;  2100 ma.s.l.;  5 May 1988; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep at trail head; DEBU.   Paratypes   ARGENTINA–  Salta• 6 ♂♂;  22 kmN of La Caldera, El Ucumar;  1150 ma.s.l.;  2–30 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; subtropical humid forest, Malaise flight-intercept trap; CNCI•  10 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; La Caldera;  1500 ma.s.l.;  27 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; roadside forest sweep; DEBU.   BRAZIL–  Rio de Janeiro• 15 ♂♂, 20 ♀♀; Teresopolis, trail to Pedra do Sino;  1300–1700 ma.s.l.;  25 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  15 ♂♂, 20 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MNRJ.   ECUADOR–  Napo• 2 ♀♀; Baeza, west along road;  1500 ma.s.l.;  16–19 May 1987; Cooteand Brownleg.; montane rainforest/pasture, Malaise trap; ROME. –   Pichincha• 8 ♂♂,  7 kmSE of Nanegalito, trout farm ‘San Jose’;  1500 ma.s.l.;  27–30 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; riverine forest, treefall sweep; DEBU•  8 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; QCAZ•  12 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Maquipucuna Biological Reserve; 0°07′34″ N, 78°27′57″ W;  1200 ma.s.l.;  27–28 Apr. 2002; M. Buckleg.; sweep; QCAZ•  7 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; Maquipucuna Biological Reserve;  1200 ma.s.l.;  29 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; river trail, sweep; DEBU;   PARAGUAY–  Caazapá• 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀; Hermosa, San Rafael Reserve, Lopez family property; 26°19′15″ S, 55°44′55″ W;  90 ma.s.l.;  3–6 Dec. 2000; Z.H. Falinleg.; flight-intercept trap; DEBU.   PERU–  Cusco• 1 ♂; Cock-of-the-Rock Lodge; 13°03′21″ S, 71°32′46″ W;  1380 ma.s.l.;  18–20 Oct. 2006; J. Skevingtonleg.; Malaise trap; MUSM.   VENEZUELA–  Aragua• 1 ♂; Colonia Tower;  2300 ma.s.l.;  10 Mar. 1995; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep steep forest trail; DEBU. –   Mérida• 12 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; DEBU. –   Trujillo• 7 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀;  10 kmE of Bocono, Laguna de Lucerdo;  1760 ma.s.l.;  3 Mar. 1995; S.A. Marshallleg.; slash/compost; DEBU•  3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; sweep; DEBU•  4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Bocono, road to Guaramacal;  2130 ma.s.l.;  2 Mar. 1995; S.A. Marshallleg.; mud sweep; DEBU•  1 ♀; same data as for preceding;  2200 ma.s.l.; under dung; DEBU•  2 ♀♀; Bocono-Guaramacal Road;  2130 ma.s.l.; S.A. Marshallleg.; wet litter sweep; DEBU•  1 ♀; Bocono-Guaramacal Road;  3000 ma.s.l.;  3 Mar. 1995, S.A. Marshallleg.; wet debris along stream; DEBU.   Other material examined   ARGENTINA–  Jujuy• 1 ♀; Calilegua National Park, El Cortadeval km 6;  800 ma.s.l.;  18–28 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; forest, Malaise trap; DEBU•  2 ♀♀; Calilegua National Park, Estación El Cero;  900 ma.s.l.;  18–28 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; forest, Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  1 ♀; Calilegua National Park, Mirador;  600 ma.s.l.;  18–28 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; forest, Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU. –  Misiones•  1 ♀;  5 kmE of Puerto Iguazú;  2–7 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; flight-intercept trap/pan/dung pans; DEBU•  2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀;  5 kmE of Puerto Iguazú;  3 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep by small stream; DEBU•  1 ♂, 3 ♀♀;  5 kmE of Puerto Iguazú;  1–6 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep Malaise behind Hotel Orquidaes; DEBU. –   Salta• 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀;  17 kmN of La Caldera, Alto de la Sierra;  1550 ma.s.l.;  2–30 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; subtropical humid forest, Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  131 ♂♂, 398 ♀♀;  22 kmN of La Caldera, El Ucumar;  1550 ma.s.l.;  2–30 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; subtropical humid forest, Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  1 ♀;  30 kmE of Salta, Campo Quijano, El Alisal;  18–20 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; forest remnant, flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀;  30 kmE of Salta, Campo Quijano, El Alisal;  18 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; forest vestige; DEBU•  21 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀;  30 kmE of Salta, Campo Quijano,  20 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; forest vestige, sweep; DEBU•  55 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  24 Feb. 1992; wet debris along stream; DEBU•  17 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  20 Feb. 1992; stream debris, leaf litter; DEBU•  3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; sweep, dung; DEBU•  125 ♂♂, 81 ♀♀;  40 kmN of Salta, Camino La Cornisa;  27 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; roadside, forest sweep; DEBU•  3 ♂♂;  50 kmW of Chicoana, El Maray;  28 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; dry area, sweep pampas grass along creek; DEBU•  1 ♂, 1 ♀; Campo Quijano;  28 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  17 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Cañada La Gotera,  15 kmW of Chicoana;  16–28 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; forest remnant; DEBU•  19 ♂♂, 19 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  19 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweeping wet litter; DEBU•  1 ♀; Cañada La Gotera;  16–28 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; pan traps; DEBU•  1 ♂, 1 ♀; El Rey National Park, Pozo Verde Trail, km 5;  950 ma.s.l.;  5–15 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; Yungas forest, Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  16 ♂♂, 39 ♀♀; El Rey National Park, Pozo Verde Trail, km 7;  1000 ma.s.l.;  5–15 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; Yungas forest, Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  2 ♀♀; El Rey National Park, Rio La Sala;  900 ma.s.l.;  5–10 Dec. 1987; S. and J. Peckleg.; open stream side in forest, Malaise/flight-intercept trap; DEBU•  127 ♂♂, 87 ♀♀; La Caldera;  1500 ma.s.l.;  27 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; roadside, forest sweep; DEBU•  14 ♂♂, 20 ♀♀; La Caldera, Camino La Cornisa;  27 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; roadside sweep; DEBU•  3 ♀♀; Rosario De Lerma, INESALT yard;  16–28 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; Malaise trap; DEBU•  1 ♂, 1 ♀; Rosario De Lerma;  19 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshallleg.; swept in hedgerow ditch; DEBU•  3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  24 Feb. 1992; swept over bulldozed road; DEBU•  4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; swept over foul ditch; DEBU.   BOLIVIA–  La Paz• 13 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀;  0.5 kmSE of Coroico; 16°11′ S, 67°44′ W;  15 Apr. 2001; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀;  10 kmNW of Caranavi, road to ENTEL tower; 15°46′35″ S, 67°35′48″ W;  1400 ma.s.l.;  13 Apr. 2001; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  2 ♂♂;  23 kmNW of Caranavi;  14 Apr. 2001; S.A. Marshallleg.; roadside/stream, sweep; DEBU•  1 ♂;  38 kmS of Guanay;  7–12 Apr. 2001; S.A. Marshallleg.; roadside stream, pan traps; DEBU•  26 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; Chulumani, Apa-Apa Reserve; 16°21′15″ S, 67°30′21″ W;  2000 ma.s.l.;  1 Apr. 2001; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep; DEBU•  1 ♀; San Antonio,  8 kmS of Mapiri; 15°20′56″ S, 68°13′31″ W;  11 Apr. 2001 S.A. Marshallleg.; dung baits; DEBU. –  Santa Cruz•  2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Siringalito, near Pampa Grande;  2 Oct. 1996; Bettellaand Rossileg.; DEBU.   BRAZIL–  Minas Gerais• 1 ♀; Prado;  21 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep along river; MZSP. –   Paraná• 1 ♂; Curitiba,  30 kmSE of SEBR 277;  6 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; MZSP•  11 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Curitiba;  5 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; under fallen epiphyte in Mata near National History Museum; DEBU•  1 ♀; Curitiba, University campus;  2–5 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; wet areas, flight-intercept trap/pans; MZSP•  12 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; Curitiba campus;  10 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep in forest with  Araucaria; MZSP•  3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; east of Curitiba, near Ponta Grossa;  800 ma.s.l.;  8 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; swept along road; MZSP•  28 ♂♂, 24 ♀♀; east of Curitiba;  8 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; swept near creek debris; DEBU•  3 ♀♀; Londrina, Parque Municipal Arthur Thomas;  1 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep; MZSP•  4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Londrina;  29 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep; DEBU. –   Rio de Janeiro• 14 ♂♂, 26 ♀♀; Muri, near Hotel Garlipp;  2 Mar. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep over trail; MZSP•  25 ♂♂, 16 ♀♀; Nova Friburgo, Sitio Edelweiss;  26–27 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; Malaise trap; MZSP•  16 ♂♂, 15 ♀♀; Nova Friburgo,  10 kmS of Sitio Edelweiss;  27 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Nova Friburgo,  10 kmS of Sitio Edelweiss, Muri;  1–28 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; Malaise head; MZSP•  10 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Nova Friburgo;  27 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; along creek; MZSP•  13 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Teresópolis;  1200 ma.s.l.;  13 Mar. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; swept near river; MZSP•  47 ♂♂, 128 ♀♀; Teresópolis, trail to Pedra do Sino;  1300–1700 ma.s.l.;  25 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep; DEBU•  47 ♂♂, 128 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; MZSP•  3 ♀♀; Teresópolis, trail to Pedra do Sino;  1500–2000 ma.s.l.;  14 Mar. 1998; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU. –   São Paulo• 20 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; São Paulo, Jaraguá;  8 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshallleg.; MZSP.   ECUADOR–  Napo• 5 ♀♀; Baeza;  1500 ma.s.l.;  16–19 May 1987; L.D. Cooteand B.V. Brownleg.; wet montane rainforest, Malaise trap; DEBU•  1 ♀; Baeza;  1500–1700 ma.s.l.;  14 May 1987; L.D. Cooteleg.; wet montane forest/pasture, sweeping; DEBU•  5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Baeza;  1550 ma.s.l.;  15–19 May 1987; L.D. Cooteand B.V. Brownleg.; wet montane rainforest/pasture, Malaise trap off stone trail; ROME•  3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Baeza;  1700 ma.s.l.;  16–19 May 1987; L.D. Cooteand B.V. Brownleg.; wet montane rainforest/pasture, near small creek, Malaise head; ROME•  1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; Baeza, W along road;  1500 ma.s.l.;  16–19 May 1987; L.D. Cooteand B.V. Brownleg.; montane rainforest/pasture, Malaise trap; DEBU. –   Pichincha• 8 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀;  3.5 kmSE of Tandayapa;  28 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; in green leaf litter(treefall); DEBU•  1 ♀;  7 kmSE of Nanegalito, trout farm ‘San Jose’;  1500 ma.s.l.;  30 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  30–31 Oct. 1999; river edge, pan traps; DEBU•  46 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  27–30 Oct. 1999; riverine forest, sweep treefalls; DEBU•  3 ♂♂, 1 ♀;  7 kmSE of Nanegalito, trout farm ‘San Jose’;  27 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; on logs/sweep; DEBU•  1 ♂;  8 kmN of Nono, road to Mindo;  25 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; roadside, sweeping; DEBU•  1 ♂;  11.7 kmSE of Tandayapa, road to Nono;  28 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; near stream, litter/wood; DEBU•  1 ♂; Bellavista Could Forest Reserve; 0°01′13″ S, 78°40′30″ W;  2200 ma.s.l.;  9–13 May 2009; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  2 ♀♀; Bellavista Reserve;  2200 ma.s.l.;  30 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  3 ♀♀; Bellavista Reserve, ridge trail;  28 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweeping/aspirating; DEBU•  4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Bellavista Reserve, trail B;  30 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweeping; DEBU•  27 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Maquipucuna Biological Reserve; 0°07′34″ N, 78°37′57″ W;  1200 ma.s.l.;  27–28 Apr. 2002; M. Buckleg.; sweep; DEBU•  1 ♀; Maquipucuna Biological Reserve;  1200 ma.s.l.;  27 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; on leaves or small dung bait; DEBU•  29 ♂♂, 26 ♀♀; Maquipucuna Biological Reserve, main trail;  1300 ma.s.l.;  27 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Maquipucuna Biological Reserve, river trail;  1200 ma.s.l.;  27 Oct. 1999; S.A. Marshallleg.; DEBU•  54 ♂♂, 36 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  29 Oct. 1999; sweeping; DEBU. –   Zamora-Chinchipe• 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀;  8 kmNW of Zamora, mouth of Río Sabanilla;  1420 ma.s.l.;  1 Nov. 1987; C. Young, R. Davidsonand J. Rawlinsleg.; CMNH•  1 ♂; San Francisco Biological Reserve, Río San Francisco trail; 3°58′30″ S, 79°04′25″ W;  2000 ma.s.l.;  25 Feb.–3 Mar. 2009; M. Polletand A. De Braekeleerleg.; yellow pan traps; RBINS.   PARAGUAY–  Caazapá• 5 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀; Hermosa, San Rafael Reserve, Lopez family property; 26°19′15″ S, 55°44′55″ W;  90 ma.s.l.;  3–6 Dec. 2000; Z.H. Falinleg.; flight-intercept trap; DEBU.   PERU–  Cusco• 3 ♂♂; Cock-of-the-Rock Lodge; 13°03′21″ S, 71°32′46″ W;  1380 ma.s.l.;  18–20 Oct. 2006; J. Skevingtonleg.; Malaise trap; DEBU.   VENEZUELA–  Aragua• 1 ♂; Colonia Tovar;  2300 ma.s.l.;  10 Mar. 1995; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep steep forest trail; DEBU•  1 ♀; Henri Pittier National Park, Rancho Grande, Portachuelo Pass;  9 Apr. 1994; L. Masnerleg.; DEBU. –   Lara• 1 ♂, 27 ♀♀; Yacambú;  1200 ma.s.l.;  7 May 1981; H. Townesleg.; cloud forest; CNCI. –   Trujillo• 8 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀;  10 kmE of Bocono, Laguna de Lucerdo;  1760 ma.s.l.;  3 Feb. 1995; S.A. Marshallleg.; slash/compost; DEBU•  1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; sweep; DEBU•  5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Bocono, road to Guaramacal;  2130 ma.s.l.;  2 Mar. 1995; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep mud; DEBU•  2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding;  2200 ma.s.l.; under dung; DEBU•  1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Bocono–Guaramacal Road;  2130 ma.s.l.; S.A. Marshallleg.; sweep wet litter; DEBU•  1 ♂; BoconoGuaramacal Road;  3000 ma.s.l.;  3 Mar. 1995; S.A. Marshallleg.; wet debris along stream; DEBU•  2 ♂♂; Guaramacal National Park;  2000–3000 ma.s.l.;  26 Aug.–1 Sep. 1992; L. Masnerleg.; car net; DEBU•  14 ♂♂, 27 ♀♀; Guaramacal National Park,  14 kmNE of Bocono;  2000 ma.s.l.;  25 Aug.–1 Sep. 1992; L. Masnerleg.; DEBU•  8 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Mosquey near Bocono;  1500 ma.s.l.;  24 Aug. 1992; L. Masnerleg.; coffee plantation, maxinet; DEBU.    Description  BODY( Fig. 136A). Length 2.3–3.8 mm. Head brown, lower quarter of frons orange; face, gena, and antennae orange-brown. Frontal width 2.3–2.4× frontal height. Three pairs of strong interfrontal bristles surmounting a very fine fourth pair; anterior orbital 0.6–0.7 × length of posterior. Palpus yellow. Eye large, greatest height about 3.5 × shortest genal height. Thorax brown, scutum with paler lateral edges. Two pairs of dorsocentral bristles (anterior pair only slightly larger than surrounding acrostichal setulae) separated by 7–8 rows of acrostichal setulae. Membrane around prosternum sometimes with a small, setula-bearing sclerite. Legs brown, foreleg slightly paler. Fore femur with three large ventral preapical setae. Ventral surface of male mid tibia with two rows of stout setae in apical third. Wing ( Fig. 9E) slightly infuscate. CS2 0.7–0.8× CS3. Halter pale brown.  MALE ABDOMEN( Figs 136B–C, 137). Dark brown, posterior edges of tergites sometimes slightly desclerotized. T2–5 and S2–4 uniformly long-setose with large posterolateral setae. S5 almost quadrate, 2.3× length of S4 with anterior third underneath S4; posterolaterally sparsely long-setose, left side strongly reduced posterolaterally, with a dark, deflexed, trapezoidal medial patch of very dense setulae flanked by desclerotized areas. Anterior flange of S6+7 2.0 × as long as wide. Sclerite A small with short setae; sclerite B and sclerite C absent; sclerite D triangular, blade-like and attached to posteromedial lobe of S5; sclerite E long, tapered, and sinuate; sclerite F long and tapered, with a short anterobasal lobe; sclerite G very large, U-shaped; ring sclerite indistinct and slightly desclerotized. Epandrium large, 1.1× length of S8, height 1.2× maximum length and 0.6 × maximum width, uniformly setose with larger setae posteroventrally; posterior third of epandrium separated from anterior two-thirds by a deep lateral groove extending halfway up epandrium; anal fissure triangular, widest at base; perianal pads bulging slightly. Pseudocercus small, separate from epandrium and bearing 3 setae; halves of subepandrial sclerite reduced to a pair of arches fused medially forming an M-shape and articulating basally with subcercus. Subcercus with large inner part posteroventrally extended into a prominent process and a smaller process which forms a U-shaped connection between subcerci; outer part with a broadly rounded lobe articulating with surstylus and a hooked lobe contacting pseudocercus. Hypandrium with long, thin anteromedial apodeme. Surstylus stout, wider than deep, densely setose with a prominent anteroventral lobe and a bare inner lobe. Postgonite short, strongly curved anteriorly, tapered with apex blunt and notched and a long posteroventral lobe at about midlength. Phallapodeme very large with a tall dorsal ‘fin’; basiphallus stout with two large lateral plates, divergent basally and distally fused with trunk-like epiphallus; distiphallus largely membranous, reduced to a broad, distally bifurcate dorsal sclerite and a pair of small ventral sclerites.  FEMALE ABDOMEN( Fig. 138). T7 broad, posteromedially shortened; T8 divided into a small, pale dorsal sclerite and two dark lateral sclerites with elongate, acute posteroventral corner. Epiproct small, pale, and setulose. Cercus short and blunt with large apical and dorsal setae. S7 broad, rounded posteriorly with four large posterior setae; S8 reduced to two dark, ovoid lateral sclerites. Two spermathecae, bulb spherical and finely striate with a basal invagination.    Distribution Neotropical: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.    Remarks   Sclerocoelus tantus sp. nov.is closely related to  S. copiosus sp. nov.and  S. elephas sp. nov., which also have a distinctive trunk-like epiphallus, but differs by the trapezoidal posteromedial setulose patch on the male S5, stout surstylus with a prominent anterodorsal lobe, rectangular female S7, and spherical spermatheca with a basal invagination.  Sclerocoelus tantusis a frequently collected and widespread South American species often found with other species of the  S. galapagensisgroup. 5104768144 1988-05-05 sweep at trail head DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2100 Los Chorros 111 112 1 1 Merida holotype 5104768782 1987-12-02 1987-12-30 1987-12-02 Malaise flight-intercept trap CNCI S. and J. Peck Argentina 1150 El Ucumar 111 112 6 6 Salta paratype 5104767517 1992-02-27 DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina 1500 La Caldera 111 112 14 4 10 Salta paratype 5104768401 1990-01-25 DEBU S. A. Marshall Brazil 1500 trail to Pedra do Sino Teresopolis 111 112 35 20 15 Rio de Janeiro paratype 5104767593 [651,1253,979,1006] 1990-01-25 MNRJ S. A. Marshall Brazil 1500 Pedra do Sino Teresopolis 111 112 35 20 15 Rio de Janeiro paratype 5104767603 1987-05-16 1987-05-19 1987-05-16 Malaise trap ROME Coote & Brown Ecuador 1500 Baeza 111 112 2 2 Napo paratype 5104768080 1999-10-27 1999-10-30 1999-10-27 treefall sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1500 trout farm ' San Jose' 111 112 8 8 Pichincha paratype 5104767615 [298,890,1152,1179] 1999-10-27 1999-10-30 1999-10-27 QCAZ S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1500 San Jose' 111 112 13 5 8 Pichincha paratype 5104768084 2002-04-27 2002-04-28 2002-04-27 sweep QCAZ M. Buck Ecuador 1200 0.1261111 Maquipucuna Biological Reserve 21 -78.46583 111 112 17 5 12 Pichincha paratype 5104767788 1999-10-29 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1200 Maquipucuna Biological Reserve 111 112 19 12 7 Pichincha paratype 5104768275 2000-12-03 2000-12-06 2000-12-03 flight-intercept trap DEBU Z. H. Falin Paraguay Hermosa 90 -26.320835 Lopez family property 20 -55.74861 San Rafael Reserve 111 112 7 6 1 Caazapa paratype 5104767942 2006-10-18 2006-10-20 2006-10-18 Malaise trap MUSM J. Skevington Peru 1380 -13.055834 Cock-of-the-Rock Lodge 21 -71.54611 111 112 1 1 Cusco paratype 5104768108 1995-03-10 sweep steep forest trail DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2300 Colonia Tower 111 112 1 1 Aragua paratype 5104767737 [519,1247,1563,1591] 1988-05-05 DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2100 Merida 111 112 30 18 12 Merida paratype 5104767591 1995-03-03 slash / compost DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 1760 Laguna de Lucerdo 111 112 18 11 7 Trujillo paratype 5104768558 [479,1067,1635,1662] 1995-03-03 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 1760 Laguna de Lucerdo 111 112 3 3 Trujillo paratype 5104767531 1995-03-02 mud sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2130 road to Guaramacal Bocono 111 112 5 1 4 Trujillo paratype 5104768463 under dung 1995-03-02 DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2200 Guaramacal Bocono 111 112 1 1 Trujillo paratype 5104768040 wet litter sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2130 Bocono-Guaramacal Road 111 112 2 2 Trujillo paratype 5104768419 wet debris along stream 1995-03-03 DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 3000 Bocono-Guaramacal Road 111 112 1 1 Trujillo paratype 5104767952 1987-12-18 1987-12-28 1987-12-18 Malaise trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina 800 Calilegua National Park 111 112 1 1 Jujuy 5104768767 1987-12-18 1987-12-28 1987-12-18 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina 900 Calilegua National Park 111 112 2 2 Jujuy 5104768642 1987-12-18 1987-12-28 1987-12-18 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina 600 112 113 Calilegua National Park Calilegua National Park 111 112 1 1 Jujuy 5104768468 1992-02-02 1992-02-07 1992-02-02 flight-intercept trap / pan / dung pans DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Puerto Iguazu 112 113 1 1 Jujuy 5104768489 1992-02-03 sweep by small stream DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Puerto Iguazu 112 113 4 2 2 Jujuy 5104768163 1992-02-01 1992-02-06 1992-02-01 sweep Malaise behind Hotel Orquidaes DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina 5 km E of Puerto Iguazu 112 113 4 3 1 Jujuy 5104767555 1987-12-02 1987-12-30 1987-12-02 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina 1550 Alto de la Sierra 112 113 7 6 1 Salta 5104767475 1987-12-02 1987-12-30 1987-12-02 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina 1550 El Ucumar 112 113 529 398 131 Salta 5104768749 1992-02-18 1992-02-20 1992-02-18 flight-intercept trap DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina El Alisal Campo Quijano 112 113 1 1 Salta 5104767822 1992-02-18 DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina El Alisal Campo Quijano 112 113 8 4 4 Salta 5104768722 1992-02-20 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Campo Quijano 112 113 31 10 21 Salta 5104768388 wet debris along stream 1992-02-24 DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Campo Quijano 112 113 70 15 55 Salta 5104768478 leaf litter 1992-02-20 DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina stream debris 112 113 21 4 17 Salta 5104767756 1992-02-20 sweep / dung DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Campo Quijano 112 113 4 1 3 Salta 5104768780 1992-02-27 forest sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Camino La Cornisa 112 113 206 81 125 Salta 5104768551 1992-02-28 sweep pampas grass along creek DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina El Maray 112 113 3 3 Salta 5104768217 1992-02-28 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Campo Quijano 112 113 2 1 1 Salta 5104768119 1992-02-16 1992-02-28 1992-02-16 DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Canada La Gotera 112 113 25 8 17 Salta 5104768003 1992-02-19 1992-02-28 1992-02-16 sweeping wet litter DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Canada La Gotera 112 113 38 19 19 Salta 5104768109 1992-02-16 1992-02-28 1992-02-16 pan traps DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Canada La Gotera 112 113 1 1 Salta 5104768064 1987-12-05 1987-12-15 1987-12-05 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina El Rey National Park 950 El Rey National Park Pozo Verde Trail 112 113 2 1 1 Salta 5104768038 1987-12-05 1987-12-15 1987-12-05 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina El Rey National Park 1000 El Rey National Park Pozo Verde Trail 112 113 55 39 16 Salta 5104768347 1987-12-05 1987-12-10 1987-12-05 Malaise / flight-intercept trap DEBU S. and J. Peck Argentina 900 El Rey National Park El Rey National Park 112 113 2 2 Salta 5104767763 1992-02-27 forest sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina 1500 La Caldera 112 113 214 87 127 Salta 5104767745 1992-02-27 roadside sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Camino La Cornisa La Caldera 112 113 34 20 14 Salta 5104767351 1992-02-16 1992-02-28 1992-02-16 Malaise trap DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Rosario De Lerma 112 113 3 3 Salta 5104768016 1992-02-19 swept in hedgerow ditch DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Rosario De Lerma 112 113 2 1 1 Salta 5104768030 1992-02-24 swept over bulldozed road DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Rosario De Lerma 112 113 3 3 Salta 5104767557 [544,1302,1297,1323] 1992-02-24 swept over foul ditch DEBU S. A. Marshall Argentina Rosario De Lerma 112 113 4 4 Salta 5104767573 2001-04-15 DEBU S. A. Marshall Bolivia -16.183332 La Paz 1282 -67.73333 112 113 22 9 13 La Paz 5104767556 2001-04-13 DEBU S. A. Marshall Bolivia 1400 -15.776388 road to ENTEL tower 21 -67.59667 112 113 4 2 2 La Paz 5104767703 2001-04-14 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Bolivia roadside / stream 112 113 2 2 La Paz 5104768617 2001-04-07 2001-04-12 2001-04-07 pan traps DEBU S. A. Marshall Bolivia roadside stream 112 113 1 1 La Paz 5104767732 2001-04-01 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Bolivia 2000 -16.354168 Apa-Apa Reserve 21 -67.50584 Chulumani 112 113 43 17 26 La Paz 5104768448 2001-04-11 dung baits DEBU S. A. Marshall Bolivia -15.348888 San Antonio 21 -68.22528 112 113 1 1 Santa Cruz 5104767869 1996-10-02 DEBU Bettella & Rossi Bolivia near Pampa Grande Siringalito 112 113 4 2 2 La Paz 5104767978 [189,1372,1713,1740] 1990-02-21 sweep along river MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Prado 112 113 1 1 Minas Gerais 5104768618 [189,1212,1748,1775] 1990-02-06 MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Curitiba 112 113 SEBR 277 1 1 Parana 5104768370 1990-02-05 under fallen epiphyte in Mata near National History Museum DEBU S. A. Marshall Brazil Curitiba 112 113 18 7 11 Parana 5104767586 1990-02-02 1990-02-05 1990-02-02 flight-intercept trap / pans MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil University campus Curitiba 112 113 1 1 Parana 5104768411 1990-02-10 sweep in forest with Araucaria MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Curitiba campus 112 113 21 9 12 Parana 5104768527 1990-02-08 swept along road MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil 800 near Ponta Grossa Curitiba 112 113 7 4 3 Parana 5104768286 1990-02-08 swept near creek debris DEBU S. A. Marshall Brazil Curitiba 112 113 52 24 28 Parana 5104767992 1990-02-01 sweep MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Parque Municipal Arthur Thomas Londrina 112 113 3 3 Parana 5104768153 1990-01-29 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Brazil 113 114 Londrina 112 113 6 2 4 Parana 5104767495 1990-03-02 sweep over trail MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil near Hotel Garlipp Muri 113 114 40 26 14 Rio de Janeiro 5104767560 1990-01-26 1990-01-27 1990-01-26 Malaise trap MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Sitio Edelweiss Nova Friburgo 113 114 41 16 25 Rio de Janeiro 5104767814 1990-01-27 DEBU S. A. Marshall Brazil Nova Friburgo 113 114 31 15 16 Rio de Janeiro 5104768231 1990-02-01 1990-02-28 1990-02-01 Malaise head MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Muri Nova Friburgo 113 114 3 2 1 Rio de Janeiro 5104768090 1990-01-27 MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Nova Friburgo 113 114 17 7 10 Rio de Janeiro 5104768711 1990-03-13 swept near river MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil 1200 Teresopolis 113 114 21 8 13 Rio de Janeiro 5104768261 1990-01-25 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Brazil 1500 trail to Pedra do Sino Teresopolis 113 114 175 128 47 Rio de Janeiro 5104767490 1990-01-25 MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil 1500 Pedra do Sino Teresopolis 113 114 175 128 47 Rio de Janeiro 5104767833 1998-03-14 DEBU S. A. Marshall Brazil 1750 trail to Pedra do Sino Teresopolis 113 114 3 3 Rio de Janeiro 5104768404 1990-02-08 MZSP S. A. Marshall Brazil Jaragua Sao Paulo 113 114 30 10 20 Sao Paulo 5104768508 1987-05-16 1987-05-19 1987-05-16 Malaise trap DEBU L. D. Coote & B. V. Brown Ecuador 1500 Baeza 113 114 5 5 Napo 5104768299 1987-05-14 sweeping DEBU L. D. Coote Ecuador 1600 Baeza 113 114 1 1 Napo 5104768755 1987-05-15 1987-05-19 1987-05-15 Malaise trap off stone trail ROME L. D. Coote & B. V. Brown Ecuador 1550 Baeza 113 114 9 4 5 Napo 5104768604 1987-05-16 1987-05-19 1987-05-16 Malaise head ROME L. D. Coote & B. V. Brown Ecuador 1700 Baeza 113 114 6 3 3 Napo 5104767809 1987-05-16 1987-05-19 1987-05-16 Malaise trap DEBU L. D. Coote & B. V. Brown Ecuador 1500 Baeza 113 114 5 4 1 Napo 5104767513 in green leaf litter 1999-10-28 DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador Pichincha 113 114 22 14 8 Pichincha 5104768113 1999-10-30 DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1500 trout farm ' San Jose' 113 114 1 1 Pichincha 5104767796 1999-10-30 1999-10-31 1999-10-30 pan traps DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1500 river edge 113 114 2 2 Pichincha 5104767369 1999-10-27 1999-10-30 1999-10-27 sweep treefalls DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1500 riverine forest 113 114 63 17 46 Pichincha 5104767807 1999-10-27 logs / sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador trout farm ' San Jose' 113 114 4 1 3 Pichincha 5104768776 1999-10-25 sweeping DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador road to Mindo 113 114 1 1 Pichincha 5104768312 litter / wood 1999-10-28 DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador road to Nono 113 114 1 1 Pichincha 5104767452 2009-05-09 2009-05-13 2009-05-09 DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 2200 -0.02027778 Bellavista Could Forest Reserve 21 -78.674995 113 114 1 1 Pichincha 5104767846 1999-10-30 DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 2200 Bellavista Reserve 113 114 2 2 Pichincha 5104768265 1999-10-28 sweeping / aspirating DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador Bellavista Reserve 113 114 3 3 Pichincha 5104768233 1999-10-30 sweeping DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador Bellavista Reserve 113 114 5 1 4 Pichincha 5104767717 2002-04-27 2002-04-28 2002-04-27 sweep DEBU M. Buck Ecuador 1200 0.1261111 Maquipucuna Biological Reserve 21 -78.6325 113 114 35 8 27 Pichincha 5104767957 1999-10-27 leaves or small dung bait DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1200 Maquipucuna Biological Reserve 113 114 1 1 Pichincha 5104767970 1999-10-27 DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1300 Maquipucuna Biological Reserve 113 114 55 26 29 Pichincha 5104767850 1999-10-27 DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1200 Maquipucuna Biological Reserve 113 114 3 1 2 Pichincha 5104768465 [353,1255,1514,1541] 1999-10-29 sweeping DEBU S. A. Marshall Ecuador 1200 Maquipucuna Biological Reserve 113 114 90 36 54 Pichincha 5104767667 1987-11-01 CMNH C. Young & R. Davidson & J. Rawlins Ecuador 1420 mouth of Rio Sabanilla 113 114 5 1 4 Zamora-Chinchipe 5104768272 2009-02-25 2009-03-03 2009-02-25 yellow pan traps RBINS M. Pollet & A. De Braekeleer Ecuador 2000 -3.9750001 Rio San Francisco trail 21 -79.07361 San Francisco Biological Reserve 113 114 1 1 Zamora-Chinchipe 5104767627 2000-12-03 2000-12-06 2000-12-03 flight-intercept trap DEBU Z. H. Falin Paraguay Hermosa 90 -26.320835 Lopez family property 20 -55.74861 San Rafael Reserve 113 114 26 21 5 Caazapa 5104768486 2006-10-18 2006-10-20 2006-10-18 Malaise trap DEBU J. Skevington Peru 1380 -13.055834 Cock-of-the-Rock Lodge 21 -71.54611 113 114 3 3 Cusco 5104768192 1995-03-10 sweep steep forest trail DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2300 Colonia Tovar 113 114 1 1 Aragua 5104768746 1994-04-09 DEBU L. Masner Venezuela Henri Pittier National Park Henri Pittier National Park Rancho Grande 113 114 1 1 Aragua 5104767956 1981-05-07 CNCI H. Townes Venezuela 1200 114 115 Yacambu 113 114 28 27 1 Lara 5104767361 1995-02-03 slash / compost DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 1760 Laguna de Lucerdo 114 115 20 12 8 Trujillo 5104767386 1995-02-03 sweep DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 1760 Laguna de Lucerdo 114 115 5 4 1 Trujillo 5104768380 1995-03-02 sweep mud DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2130 road to Guaramacal Bocono 114 115 7 2 5 Trujillo 5104768733 [441,1242,371,398] under dung 1995-03-02 DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2200 Guaramacal Bocono 114 115 2 2 Trujillo 5104767815 sweep wet litter DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 2130 Bocono - Guaramacal Road 114 115 3 2 1 Trujillo 5104767901 1995-03-03 wet debris along stream DEBU S. A. Marshall Venezuela 3000 BoconoGuaramacal Road 114 115 1 1 Trujillo 5104768700 1992-08-26 1992-09-01 1992-08-26 car net DEBU L. Masner Venezuela 2500 Guaramacal National Park 114 115 2 2 Trujillo 5104767911 1992-08-25 1992-09-01 1992-08-25 DEBU L. Masner Venezuela 2000 Guaramacal National Park 114 115 41 27 14 Trujillo 5104768739 1992-08-24 maxinet DEBU L. Masner Venezuela 1500 Mosquey near Bocono Mosquey 114 115 9 1 8 Trujillo