Selys, 1886 : 209 Epipleoneura humeralis Williamson, 1915 : 619 humeralis Protoneura Epipleoneura Rácenis 1960 : 25 E. humeralis Epipleoneura Machado 1984 : 585 Lencioni 2005 : 176 Pessacq et al. 2012 : 4 Protoneuridae Synopsis of Epipleoneura (Zygoptera, Coenagrionidae, “ Protoneuridae ”), with emphasis on its Brazilian species Pessacq, Pablo Zootaxa 2014 3872 3 201 234 6G6VD Selys, 1886 Selys 1886 [151,608,1599,1626] Insecta Protoneuridae Epipleoneura Animalia Odonata 14 215 Arthropoda species humeralis     Protoneura humeralis   Selys, 1886: 209–210 (new species, description of female from "Coary (Amazone)"; typematerial at IRSN).   Epipleoneura?  humeralis Williamson, 1915: 619(comments about generic position of  humeralis, “it might be a  Protoneura, but more probably an  Epipleoneura”, brief description of coloration, measurements and prothorax).    Epipleoneura humeralis   Rácenis 1960: 25–26 (based on Sjöstedt (1918)male description conclusion that  E. humeralisis an  Epipleoneura, species included in checklist, recorded for Brazil).   Machado 1984: 585–589, fig. 1 ( holotyperedescription, doubts on the specific identity of the material studied by Sjöstedt (1918), illustration of female prothorax in postero-dorsal view).   Lencioni 2005: 176, figs. 106 a (references, typelocality, distribution, described stages, reproduction of Machado’s illustrations of female prothorax).   Pessacq et al.2012: 4(included in list of Brazilian Protoneuridae).   FIGURES 25–27.Male caudal appendages, 25a: cercus dorsal view, 25b: cercus inner view, 25c: cercus lateral view, 25d: epiproct posterior view, 25e: caudal appendages latero-posterior view, 26–27 a: lateral view; b: posterior view, c: lateroposterior view. Figure 25e original drawings by R.W. Garrison, modified by the author.  Specimens examined. 3 ♂, 1 ♀. 1 ♂and 1 ♀ in copula, 2 ♂, Brazil, Pará State, Igarapé do Favio, Fordlandia (Fordlandia: 04º05’44”S, 55º19’32”W), leg. A.B.M. Machado & P. Pereira, iii 1957, ABMM.   Male description. Head:Dorsally metallic green; dorsal half of anterior side black, ventral half yellow, antennifer yellow, postclypeus black, anteclypeus yellow, labrum and rear of head yellow. Thorax:Prothorax dorsal half metallic green, ventral half yellow. Mesepimeron metallic green, remaining pterothorax light yellow, except for a small area in the rear of interpleural suture. Abdomen: Discolored, S1–2 dorsally black, sides brown, S3–4 brown, S5–10 dark brown. Segment 3 of genital ligula ( Fig. 36) moderately narrow medially, with two lateral lobes and a medial U cleft on its apical margin, sides elevated; postero-lateral projections directed posteriorly, each with conspicuous peduncle and apex approximately triangular. Cercus ( Fig. 20) shorter than S10, with an innerbasal tooth; dorsal branch directed upwards and with an apical hook directed ventrally; ventral branch well developed, as a projection of cercus base, much shorter than dorsal branch and forming a slightly obtuse angle with it. Epiproct ( Fig. 20b-c) bifurcated, branches long, thick, fingerlike and clearly divergent, fused along basal half. Diagnosis.The epiproct and cercus of this species closely resemble those of  E. westfalli( Figs. 16and 43), from which it can be separated by the thicker branches of the epiproct, the lack of triangular swollen structure between branches base and the completely different morphology of genital ligula. The genital ligula is very similar to those of  E. janirae,  E. tariana Machado, 1985, and  E. waiwaiana Machado, 1985, from which  E. humeralisdiffers by the different cercus and epiproct morphology. The female posterior margin of pronotum ( Fig. 56) with two erected flat lobes narrowing towards the apex and with a deep V cleft between them is also similar to that of  E. westfalli( Fig. 58), but in  E. humeralisthe lobes narrow abruptly close to their apex and the cleft between the lobes has a V shape (rounded and cleft U shaped in  E. westfalli).  Epipleoneura manauensis Santos, 1964also has a V cleft between pronotum lobes ( Fig. 57), but these, unlike those of  E. humeralis, are widely rounded.   Distribution.Northern Brazilin the Statesof Amazonas and Pará ( typelocality, Amazonas, Coari, about 4º04’58”S, 63º08’43”W).  Notes. Sjöstedt (1918)identified a female and a male from the Amazonas as  E. humeralis, basing his identification on the deep V excavation in female prothorax, as described by Selys (1886)for the female holotype. Machado (1984)doubted Sjöstedt’s identification, mentioning two undescribed Amazonian species with a deep V excavation in female prothorax (  E. manauensis Santos, 1964and  E. westfalli Machado, 1986). Based on the descriptions of  E. manauensis,  E. westfalli, and the present male description, and comparing it with that of Sjöstedt (1918), I believe that Sjöstedt's material does not belong to any one of these species but may more likely represent an undescribed one.