A taxonomic review of the species of Charax Scopoli, 1777 (Teleostei: Characidae: Characinae) with description of a new species from the rio Negro bearing superficial neuromasts on body scales, Amazon basin, Brazil Menezes, Naércio A. de Lucena, Carlos Alberto S. Neotropical Ichthyology 2014 2014-06-30 12 2 193 228 TN2T Menezes & de Lucena, 2014 Menezes & de Lucena 2014 [291,463,1786,1810] Actinopterygii Characidae Charax Animalia Characiformes 9 202 Chordata species delimai sp. nov.   Fig. 10     Holotype. MZUSP 81505, male, 100 mmSL, Brazil, Amazonas, community of São Pedro, rio Tiquié, rio Negrodrainage, 0°16’04"N 69°58’21"W, 2004, Adão A. Barbosa.    Paratypes. Brazil, Amazonas: MZUSP 84988, mature female, 102 mmSL, near old community of São Pedro, 0°16’04.4"N 69°58’21.5"W, 2004, F. Lima;  MZUSP 64359, mature female, 121 mmSL, igarapé Umari, tributary of rio Tiquiéin community of São Pedro, 0°15’41"N 69°57’23"W,  25-27 October 2000, F. C.  T. Limaand party;  MZUSP 81325, male, 102 mmSL, igarapé Umari, tributary of rio Tiquiéin community of São Pedro, 0°16’00"N 69°58’00"W, 2002, F. C.  T. Limaand party.   Diagnosis.  Charax delimaialong with  C. tectifer,  C. metaeand some specimens of  C. gibbosus,  C. rupununiand  C. condeiare the only members of the genus bearing teeth on the ectopterygoid.  Charax delimaidiffers from  C. condeiin having the lateral line complete ( vs.incomplete). From  Charax gibbosusand  C. rupununiwhich have the anal-fin origin anterior to the vertical through the dorsal-fin origin in having the anal-fin origin on vertical or slightly posterior to, dorsalfin origin.  Charax delimaican be readily distinguished from  C. tectiferby the presence ( vs.absence) of superficial neuromasts on body, with neuromasts dorso-ventrally arranged on trunk scales except those on the lateral line where neuromasts are absent ( Fig. 1) and from  C. metaeby having fewer ectopterygoid teeth (3-15 vs.20-50), more transverse scale rows between the humeral spot and the supracleithrum (10-12 vs.7-9) and the humeral spot distance 48-51% of SL ( vs.41.6-47% of SL, Fig. 3).   Description.Morphometrics of holotypeand all examined specimens presented in Table 4. Body elongate, moderately large ( 100-121 mmSL), compressed and moderately deep. Greatest body depth slightly in advance of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body convex from tip of snout to anterior part of fontanel, concave from that point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin, nearly straight along dorsal-fin base and from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal peduncle and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower jaw to anal-fin origin, nearly straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave from end of anal-fin base to beginning of procurrent rays. Snout pointed. Lower jaw included in upper jaw when mouth closed. Maxilla extending slightly beyond vertical through middle of orbit. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 inall specimens posterior most ray unbranched. Adipose fin present. Unbranched anal-fin rays iv or v, usually iv; branched rays 41-45 (iv, 45), 41.9.Anterior anal-fin rays not forming differentiated distinct lobe and not bearing bilateral hooks in two adult males (100 and 102 mmSL). Pectoral-fin rays i, 13-15 (i, 14), 14.5. Tips of longest pectoral-fin rays reaching about to vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7. No hooks on pelvic-fin rays of adult males. Tips of longest pelvic-fin rays reaching slightly beyond anal-fin origin. Principal caudal-fin ray count 10/ 9 inall specimens. Lateral line complete, perforated scales 50-53 (52), 51. Horizontal scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 11- 12 (12), 11.7. Horizontal scale rows from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line 9-10 (9), 9.2. Horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line 11-12 (12), 11.7. Predorsal scales 33-35 (34). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 19-20 (20), 19.5. One scale row along anal-fin base, except on last one-fifth of its length. Rostral portions of body scales of both males and females, except for lateral-line scales with vertically oriented superficial neuromasts ( Fig. 1). Premaxillary with one anterior canine-like tooth followed by set of smaller conical teeth and another canine-like tooth followed by one or two small conical teeth. Total number of premaxillary teeth 13-17 (14) 14.7. Maxillary teeth conical, 55-56 (55), 55.2. Dentary with one canine-like tooth followed by 3-5 (4) 4 conical teeth, another canine-like tooth and posterior row of 21-24 (24) 23 conical teeth. Left ectopterygoid without teeth or with 3 or 9 teeths; right ectopterygoid with 6-9 conical teeth. Total number of ectopterygoid teeth 3-15 (9), 9. Vertebrae 34- 35 (34), 34.2. Eight gill-rakers on lower limb of first gill-arch in all specimens. Branchiostegal rays 4; 3 rays originating from anterior ceratohyal and 1 from posterior ceratohyal  Color in alcohol.Body pale to light yellow, slightly darker dorsally than ventrally due to concentration of dark chromatophores on predorsal and postdorsal scales. Dark chromatophores mostly concentrated on basal portions of scales leaving light area on remaining portion of each scale and forming alternate pattern of dark and light spots along longitudinal scale rows on body. Whitish color of vertically arranged superficial neuromasts on skin of basal portion of each scale and contrasting strongly with background dark coloration of basal portion of scale ( Fig. 1). Scales on lateral and ventral body portions with fewer chromatophores. Irregularly shaped dark humeral blotch, much closer to dorsalfin origin than to posterior border of opercle, encompassing about 5 scales vertically and horizontally. Dark blotch on caudal peduncle approximately triangular, higher posteriorly and extending over basal portions of central caudal-fin rays. Dorsal portions of head from tip of snout to supraoccipital region darker than remainder of head, dark color extending vertically over first, second, and anterior portion of third infraorbitals below orbit, dorsal portion of prepercle and inner border of opercle. Most of third, fourth and fifth infraorbitals, ventral portion of preopercle, posterior border of opercle and subopercle largely unpigmented with scattered dark chromatophores. Tip of lower jaw dark; lighter posteriorly with scattered chromatophores. Tip of dorsal fin dark. Anal fin with faint basal dark stripe extending from about basal portion of first branched anal-fin ray to end of fin, this stripe separated by light anteriorly wide stripe involving basal and median portions of unbranched rays, narrower from this point backward. Conspicuous dark wider marginal dark stripe extending to end of fins, initially separated by small light stripe extending only to about tenth branched anal-fin ray. Tip of pelvic fin dark, pectorals light with few scattered dark chromatophores. Marginal portion of caudal fin dark, all fin with scattered dark chromatophores.   Table 4.Morphometrics of  Charax delimai. Specimens are from MZUSP 81505 (holotype) and 84988 (paratypes).    Characters Holotype n range mean SD  Standard length 100.0 4 100.0 - 121.0 106.2  Percents of standard length  Depth at dorsal-fin origin 39.5 4 39.5 - 41.1 40.2 0.7  Snout to dorsal-fin origin 55.0 4 52.5 - 55.0 54.3 1.2  Snout to pectoral-fin origin 28.5 4 28.5 - 30.5 29.7 1.0  Snout to pelvic-fin origin 40.0 4 40.0 - 42.1 41.0 0.9  Snout to anal-fin origin 56.5 4 55.8 - 57.0 56.5 0.5  Caudal peduncle depth 9.0 4 8.8 - 10.0 8.8 0.4  Caudal peduncle length 7.5 4 6.6 - 7.5 7.8 0.4  Pectoral-fin length 19.0 4 18.0 - 22.0 20.0 1.8  Pelvic-fin length 18.0 4 27.2 - 29.0 28.1 0.9  Dorsal-fin base length 11.5 4 11.2 - 12.4 11.7 0.5  Dorsal-fin height 29.0 4 27.2 - 29.0 28.1 0.9  Anal-fin base length 47.0 4 44.6 - 47.0 46.0 1.2  Eye to dorsal-fin origin 41.0 4 41.0 - 42.1 41.4 0.5  Dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 52.0 4 51.2 - 53.0 52.0 0.7  Humeral spot distance 48.5 4 48.0 - 51.0 49.5 1.4  Bony head length 29.5 4 29.4 - 30.1 29.6 0.4  Percents of head length  Horizontal orbital diameter 30.5 4 30.1 - 33.3 31.4 1.4  Snout length 27.1 4 26.0 - 27.1 26.6 0.4  Least interorbital width 22.0 4 22.0 - 23.3 22.6 0.8  Upper jaw length 67.8 4 65.7 - 67.8 66.7 0.8  Sexual dimorphism.Males of this species much darker than females and both sexes possess superficial neuromasts vertically arranged along basal portions of each scale albeit less numerous on females ( Fig. 1).   Etymology.  Charax delimaiis named after Flávio CésarThadeu de Limafor his great contributions to the knowledge of neotropical freshwater fishes and for collecting most of the specimens that served as the basis for the species description.   Distribution.  Charax delimaiis known from the rio Tiquié, rio Negro basin, Brazil( Fig. 7). 3326898303 MZUSP Adao A. Barbosa. Brazil rio Negro 0.2677778 Amazonas 21 -69.9725 rio Tiquie 9 202 MZUSP 81505 1 holotype 3326898359 MZUSP Sao Pedro Brazil 0.2678889 Amazonas 1 -69.97264 9 202 MZUSP 84988 1 Amazonas paratype 3326898399 2000-10-25 2000-10-27 2000-10-25 MZUSP Sao Pedro Brazil 0.2613889 rio Tiquie 21 -69.95638 Umari 9 202 MZUSP 64359 1 Amazonas paratype 3326898398 T Brazil Lima 9 202 1 Amazonas paratype 3326898346 MZUSP Sao Pedro Brazil 0.26666668 rio Tiquie 21 -69.96667 Umari 9 202 MZUSP 81325 1 Amazonas paratype 3326898404 [1058,1236,1031,1053] T Brazil Lima 9 202 1 Amazonas paratype