Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (subclass Calcinea) from the Peruvian coast: morphology, molecules, and biogeography Azevedo, Fernanda Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi Willenz, Philippe Hajdu, Eduardo Hooker, Yuri Klautau, Michelle Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2015 2015-03-24 173 4 787 817 [844,1161,1457,1478] Calcarea Clathrinidae Clathrina Animalia Clathrinida 15 802 Porifera species undetermined   Type material:  Holotype(ethanol): MNRJ 13032– fragments from the holotype: RBINSc-IG 32241-POR 13032, CZA 13032, and MHNG 85820.  Material examined:  MNRJ 13032;  El Ñurosite 1,  El Ñuro Pier, Piura Region( 04°13′00.00′′S, 81°10′50.00′′W); collected by Y. Hooker, C. Segami, B. Ibañez, and Ph. Willenz;  5 mdepth;  24.xi.2009.    Typelocality: El Ñuro Pier, Piura Region, Peru.  Colour:White in life and light beige in ethanol.  Etymology:Named after the typelocality (El Ñuro).   Figure 7.  Clathrina nuroensis sp. nov.(Holotype – MNRJ 13032). A, live specimen; B, specimen in ethanol; C, cormus anastomosis (cross section); D, spicules in the wall of a tube (tangential section); E, triactine I; F, triactine II; G-H, triactine III; I, distribution map along the Peruvian coast.  Description:A single specimen was collected, which was thickly encrusting (1.0 × 0.7 × 0.3 cm) ( Fig. 7A), but became completely flattened after ethanol preservation ( Fig. 7B). Consistency is friable. Cormus is formed by irregular and apparently tightly anastomosed tubes ( 0.2−0.5 mm) ( Fig. 7A–C). Water-collecting tubes are present. Granular cells were not observed. Aquiferous system is asconoid.  Skeleton:Without any special organization and composed of three categories of triactines ( Fig. 7D).  Spicules ( Table 7): 1. Triactines I: Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Variable in size. Actines are slightly conical, straight, with sharp tips ( Fig. 7E).   Table 7.Spicule measurements of  Clathrina nuroensis sp. nov.    Length (μm) Width (μm)  Specimen Spicule Min. Mean SD Max. Mean SD  N  MNRJ 13032 Triactines I 75.0 88.7 7.5 100.0 7.6 0.5 30  Triactines II 62.5 77.3 6.5 95.0 8.1 1.1 30  Triactines III 27.5 40.1 5.3 50.0 6.7 1.2 30 2. Triactines II: Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal. Actines are conical, straight, with sharp tips ( Fig. 7F). 3. Triactines III: Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Very similar to triactines II, but smaller. Actines are conical, straight, with sharp tips ( Fig. 7G, H).  Ecology:Lives in habitats with high amounts of sediment (predominantly composed of broken shells and polychaete tubes). Lophophorate, ramified colonial bryozoans, encrusting tunicates, and serpulid polychaetes were found sharing the same substrate. The calcareous sponges  Soleneiscus pedicellatus sp. nov.,  Leucosoleniasp.,  Syconsp., and  Grantiasp.also occurred near this species. Bathymetrical distribution is restricted to 5 mdepth.  Geographical distribution:  Northcoast of Peru( 4°S) ( Fig. 7I).  Remarks:Considering all species within  Clathrina, only two species have their skeleton composed of three size categories of triactines:  Clathrina laminoclathrata Carter, 1886( Australia)and  Clathrina nuroensis sp. nov.However, the average sizes of spicules of  C. laminoclathratagiven by Klautau & Valentine (2003)(i.e. triactines: 188/18 μm, 132/13 μm, 72/8 μm) markedly exceed those of  C. nuroensis sp. nov.(i.e. triactines: 89/8 μm, 77/8 μm, 40/7 μm), which justifies the status as a new species. Furthermore, the geographical distance between Australiaand Peruis too large to postulate conspecificity. POR 13032, CZA 13032 MNRJ, MHNG 15 802 MNRJ 13032, MHNG 85820 2 holotype 2009-11-24 MNRJ El Nuro & El Nuro Pier & Y. Hooker & Hooker, C & Segami, B & Ph. Willenz 5 -4.2166667 El Nuro Pier 1 -81.18055 El Nuro 15 802 MNRJ 13032 1 Piura [826,1380,1763,1787] El Nuro Pier Peru Piura Region 15 802 1 Piura holotype Peru -4.0 North 17 804 1