Lecidea flavovirescens var. vulgaris Schaer., Lich. Helv. Spic. Bacidia flavovirescens var. detrita Vain. A phylogenetic survey of the ascomycete genus Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Lecanoromycetes) including new species in Arthrorhaphis citrinella sensu lato Frisch, Andreas Ohmura, Yoshihito Holien, Håkon Bendiksby, Mika TAXON 2022 2022-10-31 71 5 936 962 (Schaer.) Frisch, Y. Ohmura, Holien Frisch, Y. Ohmura, Holien Schaer. [103,750,635,658] Lecanoromycetes Arthrorhaphidaceae Arthrorhaphis Fungi Umbilicariales 18 954 Ascomycota species vulgaris   ≡ Lecidea flavovirescensvar. vulgarisSchaer., Lich. Helv. Spic.: 162. 1833 –  Lectotype(designated here [MBT 10005504]): SWITZERLAND. [ Bern], ad sylvarum oras, Schaerer, Lich. Helvet. exs. no. 204(G!; isolectotypes: GZU n.v., M n.v., UPS!).  MycoBank 842554  =  Bacidia flavovirescensvar. detritaVain.in Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 53(1): 223. 1922– Lectotype(designated by Obermayer in Nova Hedwigia 58: 302. 1994): FINLANDIA. Tavastia borealis, Pihlajavesi, ad terram, 1871,  Vainios.n. (TUR-V No. 20972!). MycoBank 842755 See Fig. 6Ffor an image of the species.   Description. –Thallus lichenised, forming small irregular colonies on acidic soils, terricolous bryophytes or plant remains, or a juvenile parasite on  Baeomycesspp., up to 6 cmin diam., (greenish) yellow, areolate; areolae discrete to mostly confluent, irregularly rounded to elliptical to lobate, moderately to strongly convex to distinctly bullate, 0.2–1.7 mm, matt to slightly shiny, smooth to strongly verrucose, entire to cracked to ± disintegrated into fine to coarsely granular soredia of 0.03–0.15 mm; medulla up to 0.5 mmthick, yellow, often absent; Ca-oxalate crystals absent. Apothecia lateral to or in between the areolae or separate from the lichenised thallus, 0.3–1.5 mm, single or clustered to 2–15, adnate to shortly and broadly stipitate, black, matt, the thick margin first protruding, later level with the flat to distinctly convex, ± coarsely rugose disc. Epihymenium dirty to brownish olive green, HNO 3green, 12–25 μm. Hymenium unpigmented to pale olivish green, densely inspersed, 80–130 μm. Subhymenium 40–75 μm, dirty to brownish olive green. Exciple 40– 80 μm wide, dark dirty to brownish olive green, darker towards the outer edge. Paraphyses sparsely branched and anastomosed, 1–1.5 μm wide. Asci 80–115 × 10–12 μm. Ascospores acicular, parallel in the asci, (34.0–)51.0–72.0(–89.0) × (2.0–)2.2– 3.2(–3.5) μm ( n= 201; l: mean = 61.6, SD = 10.60; w: mean = 2.7, SD = 0.47), (5–)7–11(–16)-septate. Pycnidia absent.   Chemistry. –Rhizocarpic acid (major), epanorin (minor); ± stictic acid and ± norstictic acid (from the host).  Distribution and ecology. – Arthrorhaphis vulgarisappears to be the most common and widely distributed taxon in  A. citrinella s.l.Specimens have been seen from across the Northern Hemisphere, including northern North America, Greenland, Iceland, Europe, and northern Siberia. The species has been found in temperate-montane to arctic-alpine regions and usually grows on bare acidic soils, among terricolous bryophytes, and over plant remains in open habitats with sparse or open vegetation such as pastures, rocky places, arctic-alpine heathlands and tundra, or road-banks. The elevation ranges from sea-level to 3000 m. Except for  A. bullataand  A. alpina s.l., it is the only lichenised species in the genus where juvenile parasitism on  Baeomycesspp.(or other terricolous lichens) has been observed among the studied specimens.   Notes. –Contrary to  Arthrorhaphis citrinella s.str., typical specimens of  A. vulgarishave a thallus formed of compact areolae, even so the areolate thallus organisation may be obscured in strongly sorediate individuals. Such individuals may be difficult to place if poorly developed, but only few such specimens have been seen. The two species are virtually indistinguishable in characters of their ascomata, but our data indicate a small but noticeable difference in ascospore size for  A. vulgaris, (34.0–)51.0–72.0(–89.0) × (2.0–)2.2–3.2 (–3.5) μm vs (45.0–)58.0–88.0(–102.0) × (2.0–)2.5–3.5(–4.0) μm in  A. citrinella. The variation in ascospore size, however, is pronounced within both taxa.  Arthrorhaphis citrinella, furthermore, seems to be restricted to steep to vertical rock faces, overgrowing saxicolous bryophytes, while  A. vulgarisis a primarily terricolous species that, however, is frequently found on rock walls and outcrops in soil filled fissures and on ledges covered by a thin soil layer. The few specimens of “  Arthrorhaphis septentrionalis” seen for this study do not allow for a reliable separation of this taxon from  A. vulgariswithout molecular data, particularly when Ca-oxalate crystals cannot be demonstrated in the medulla. Fertile material of “  A. septentrionalis” differs by the much shorter ascospores located in the apical portion of the asci, but the relevance of this character is not clear and needs evaluation on a larger set of specimens. For a separation from  Arthrorhaphis farinosaand  A. bullata, see under those species.   Selected specimens examined (a total of 68 specimensseen). –  AUSTRIA. Kärnten, Saualpe W von Wolfsberg, 46°54 ′10 ″N, 14°39 ′50 ″N,  7 Sep 2013,  Hafellner82296( GZU).  Salzburg, Schladminger Tauern, SSW-facing slopes of Preber, 47°12 ′15 ″N, 13°53 ′00 ″E,  17 Aug 2005,  Obermayer10945( GZU).  Vorarlberg, Silvretta-Gruppe, Kl. Lobspitze 46°54 ′45 ″N, 10°05 ′30 ″E,  26 Aug 2008,  Hafellner81282( GZU).  CANADA. Alberta, Jasper National Park, Bald Hills at NW end of Maligne Lake, 52°44 ′N, 117°40 ′,  2 Aug 1995,  Rosentreter9435( GZU).  British Columbia, Wells Gray Provincial Park, Battle Mountain, 51°55 ′28 ″N, 119°53 ′23 ″W,  22 Jul 2008,  Ahti& al. 68741( H).  Newfoundland, Butterpot Provincial Park, Big Otter Pond, 47°23 ′56.40 ″N, 53°02 ′34. 80 ″W,  9 Sep 2007,  Lendemer10201( Lichens of Eastern North America Exsiccati275; ASU, BG, GZU, H, M, S).  GERMANY. Bavaria, Allgäuer Alpen, Sigiswanger Horn,  7 Sep 2004,  Dornes K_OA0855(M-0166793).  Hesse. Main-Kinzig-Kreis, Sinntal, Stoppelsberg,  500–550 m,  10 Apr 1990,  Frisch90/77(hb. Frisch).  GREENLAND. Northeast Greenland National Park, Constable Bugt, 83°34 ′N, 32°01 ′W,  7 Aug 2007,  Hansens.n. (Lichenes Groenlandici Exsiccati 1031; S).  Kujalleq, Narsaq community, Tugtugtooq, Sildefjord,  1 Aug 2005,  Alstrups.n. ( C).  ICELAND. Austurland, Stöðvarfjörður, Hvalsnes,  Aug 1997,  Nordin4905( UPS).  FINLAND. Uusimaa, Kirkkonummi, Porkkala, Grid 27°E 665 35,  11 Oct 1991,  Ahti50869a & Scutari( H).  ITALY. Udine, Karnische Alpen, Mt Crostis N von Comeglians,  2240 m,  17 Aug 1994,  Hafellner78774( GZU).  KOSOVO. Bogićevica, west of Deçan, 20°06 ′16 ″N, 42°34 ′28 ″E,  21 Aug 2012,  Mayrhofer19361 & Zekaj( GZU).  NORWAY. Buskerud, Hol, UTMED50: MN 610 204,  19 Jul 1996,  TØnsberg23922( BG).  Telemark, Drangedal, Henneseid Ø, UTMWGS84: 32VNL 1249 4655,  23 Aug 2010,  KlepslandJK10-L248( O).  Hordaland, Odda, Sveinsgjerd, UTMWGS84: 32VLM 64  54, 16 Jul1993,  Ihlen233( BG).  Møre og Romsdal, Tresfjord, Lindsetheiane W of Nonsfjellet, 62°27 ′44.40 ″N, 07°07 ′07.38 ″E,  3 Jul 2015,  Frisch15/No47( TRH-L-652385).  Nord-Trøndelag, Grong, Mt Geitfjellet, UTMWGS84: 33W, UM 68 46, 26 Jul1993,  Ihlen379( BG-L-15726).  Troms, Storfjord, S of Lávkajárvi, c.  500 mN of Skurcojohka, UTMWGS84: DB 794-798 785-790,  8 Aug 2003,  Lindblom1243( BG).  Finnmark, Porsanger, Luovosvarre,  10 kmSE of Skoganvarre,  16 Aug 1967,  Vitikainen3295( H).  RUSSIA. Murmansk, Podpakta Bay,  29 Jun 2010,  Konorevas.n. ( H).  Komi, Vorkuta, Paga river, 66°22 ′00.12 ″N, 62°52 ′00.12 ″E,  26 Jun 2007,  Hermansson15589c( UPS).  Krasnoyarsk, Taimyr Peninsula, c.  8 kmW of urochishche Belyi Yar, 70°05 ′N, 87°43 ′E,  7 Aug 1999,  L. Zanokhas.n. ( M).  SLOVAKIA. In monte Beniška supra transitum Čertovica  27 Aug 1985,  Farkas& V ĕ zda s.n. ( BG).  SLOVENIA. Pohorje, Gipfelplateau des Črni vrh SW Ribnicˇa na Pohorju,  18 Jun 1991,  Mayrhofer& al. 10047( GZU).  SWEDEN. Gästrikland, Torsåker parish,  3100 mSO om Torsåkers kyrka, 60°29 ′32.90 ″N, 16° 30 ′53.00 ″E,  23 May 2009,  Hellström9262( S).  Jämtland, Kall parish, Bjelkes copper mines, 63°27 ′55.80 ″N, 13°05 ′48.87 ″E,  30 Aug 2014,  Nordin7674( UPS).  Lycksele Lappmark, Sorsele parish, Vuornavagge, 66°02 ′N, 16°11 ′E,  4 Jul 2003,  Ihlen1298( UPS).  SWITZERLAND. Bern, Berner Alps, Grimselpass, 46°33 ′35 ″N, 08°19 ′40 ″E,  24 Aug 2006,  Hafellner69409( GZU).  Graubünden, Urner Alps, Gotthard group, Oberalppass, 46°39 ′20 ″N, 08°40 ′15 ″E,  23 Aug 2006,  Hafellner75549( GZU).  Valaise, Bagnes, Pte du Parc, 583.990, 094.084,  14 Aug 2008,  Vust951( G).  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Alaska, Kenai Peninsula Borough, along Lost Lake Trail, 60° 14 ′20 ″N, 149°25 ′40 ″W,  28 Aug 2010,  Hafellner79990( GZU).  Maine. Washington Co., Steuben, Dyer Neck, Eagle Hill, Humboldt Field Research Institute, 44°27 ′29 ″N, 67°55 ′29 –54 ″W,  7 Jul 2008,  Harris54722( NY). 4981559365 2013-09-07 GZU Hafellner Austria 14.663889 Saualpe W von Wolfsberg 18 954 1 Karnten 4981559333 2005-08-17 GZU Obermayer Austria 47.204166 SSW-facing slopes of Preber 18 13.883333 Schladminger Tauern 18 954 1 Salzburg 4981559329 2008-08-26 GZU Hafellner Austria 46.912502 Silvretta-Gruppe 18 10.091666 18 954 1 Vorarlberg 4981559323 1995-08-02 GZU Rosentreter Canada Jasper National Park 52.733334 Jasper National Park 117.66666 Bald Hills 18 954 1 Alberta 4981559309 2008-07-22 H Ahti & al Canada 51.924446 Wells Gray Provincial Park 17 -119.88972 Wells Gray Provincial Park 18 954 1 British Columbia 4981559343 2007-09-09 ASU, BG, GZU, H, M, S Lendemer Canada Newfoundland 47.399002 Big Otter Pond 1 -53.043 Butterpot Provincial Park 18 954 1 British Columbia 4981559338 2004-09-07 Dornes K _ OA Germany Sigiswanger Horn Allgauer Alpen 19 955 1 Bavaria 4981559351 1990-04-10 Frisch Germany 525 Main-Kinzig-Kreis Sinntal 19 955 1 Hesse 4981559352 2007-08-07 Hansen Greenland 83.566666 Constable Bugt 931 -32.016666 Northeast Greenland National Park 19 955 1 Hesse 4981559336 2005-08-01 C Alstrup Greenland Narsaq Narsaq community Tugtugtooq 19 955 1 Kujalleq 4981559355 1997-08 UPS Nordin Iceland Hvalsnes Stodvarfjordur 19 955 1 Austurland 4981559326 1991-10-11 H Ahti & Scutari Finland Kirkkonummi Grid 27 ° E 665 35 27.0 Porkkala 19 955 1 Uusimaa 4981559303 1994-08-17 GZU Hafellner Italy Udine 2240 Mt Crostis N von Comeglians Karnische Alpen 19 955 1 Uusimaa 4981559305 2012-08-21 GZU Mayrhofer & Zekaj Kosovo 20.104445 Bogicevica 21 42.574444 19 955 1 Decan 4981559324 1996-07-19 BG TOnsberg Norway Hol 19 955 1 Buskerud 4981559330 2010-08-23 O Henneseid O & Klepsland Norway Drangedal 19 955 1 Telemark 4981559348 1954-07-16 BG Ihlen Norway Sveinsgjerd Odda 19 955 1 Hordaland 4981559334 2015-07-03 Frisch Norway 62.462334 Lindsetheiane W of Nonsfjellet 1 7.1187167 Tresfjord 19 955 TRH-L-652385 1 More og Romsdal 4981559362 1993-07-26 Ihlen Norway Mt Geitfjellet Grong 19 955 BG-L-15726 1 Nord-Trondelag 4981559337 2003-08-08 BG Lindblom Norway 500 S of Lavkajarvi Storfjord 19 955 1 Troms 4981559302 1967-08-16 H Vitikainen Norway Luovosvarre Porsanger 19 955 1 Finnmark 4981559371 2010-06-29 H Konoreva Russia Podpakta Bay 19 955 1 Murmansk 4981559332 2007-06-26 UPS Hermansson Russia 66.3667 Paga river 1 62.8667 Vorkuta 19 955 1 Komi 4981559372 1999-08-07 M L. Zanokha Russia 70.083336 Taimyr Peninsula 977 87.71667 Taimyr Peninsula 19 955 1 Krasnoyarsk 4981559358 1985-08-27 BG Farkas & V e zda Slovakia In In monte Beniska supra transitum Certovica Beniska 19 955 1 Krasnoyarsk 4981559367 1991-06-18 GZU Mayrhofer & al Slovenia Gipfelplateau des Crni vrh SW Ribnicˇa na Pohorju Pohorje 19 955 1 Krasnoyarsk 4981559340 2009-05-23 S Hellstrom Sweden Gastrikland 3100 60.492474 Torsaker parish 1 16.514723 Torsaker parish 19 955 1 Krasnoyarsk 4981559341 2014-08-30 UPS Nordin Sweden 63.4655 Bjelkes copper mines 1 13.096908 Kall parish 19 955 1 Jamtland 4981559319 2003-07-04 UPS Ihlen Sweden Lycksele Lappmark 66.03333 Vuornavagge 998 16.183332 Sorsele parish 19 955 1 Jamtland 4981559357 2006-08-24 GZU Hafellner Switzerland 46.559723 Grimselpass 18 8.327778 Berner Alps 19 955 1 Bern 4981559345 2006-08-23 GZU Hafellner Switzerland Urner Alps 46.655556 Oberalppass 18 8.670834 Gotthard group 19 955 1 Graubunden 4981559308 2008-08-14 G Vust Switzerland Bagnes Valaise 19 955 1 Graubunden 4981559315 2010-08-28 GZU Hafellner United States of America 60.238888 along Lost Lake Trail 17 -149.42778 Kenai Peninsula Borough 19 955 1 Alaska 4981559359 2008-07-07 NY Harris United States of America Co. 44.458057 Dyer Neck Steuben 19 955 1 Maine