Revalidation of Hepsetus cuvieri (Castelnau, 1861) (Characiformes: Hepsetidae) from the Quanza, Zambezi and southern part of the Congo ichthyofaunal provinces Zengeya, T. A. Decru, E. Vreven, E. Journal of Natural History 2011 2011-07-31 45 27 - 28 1723 1744 3KWLV (Castelnau, 1861) Castelnau 1861 [430,815,1289,1313] Actinopterygii Hepsetidae Hepsetus Animalia Characiformes 11 1732 Chordata species cuvieri    Neotype   BMNH 1910.5.31.21, 160.0 mm SL, Lake Ngami(± 20 ◦30 ′S 22 ◦40 ′E) ( Botswana) Coll. Esq. R. Woosman.  Note on the neotypedesignation The specimen herein designated as the neotypeof  H. cuvieri, although missing a few scales, was selected because it is topotypical with  H. cuvieri.  Table 3. Factor loadings for the first three principal component axes of a PCA carried out on 35 log-transformed morphometric measurements of all examined specimens ( n= 65). The most important variables are in bold.    Measurements PCI PCII PCIII  Standard length −0.272581 0.023719 −0.003896  Pre-dorsal length −0.270248 0.011605 0.005183  Dorsal–adipose length −0.289221 0.056414 −0.023352  Adipose–caudal length −0.249530  0.106507 0.055961  Pre-pelvic length −0.264634 0.005945 −0.006596  Pelvic–pectoral length −0.301694 0.012026 −0.008395  Pectoral–anal length −0.291462 0.033679 −0.032513  Anal–caudal length −0.288995 0.062347 0.015314  Dorsal-fin base −0.301943 0.038449 −0.040442  Adipose-fin base −0.308560 0.015454  –0.056678  Pectoral-fin base −0.347705 −0.060310 0.050499  Pelvis-fin base −0.349873 −0.071126 0.012918  Anal-fin base −0.285701 0.016425 −0.036054  Post-anal length −0.280382 0.011696 −0.031393  Dorsal fin height −0.288376 0.022098 0.024943  Adipose fin height −0.237509 0.052010 0.022235  Pectoral fin height −0.308914 −0.002654 0.040886  Pelvic fin height −0.283523 −0.012346 0.047106  Anal fin height −0.256679 −0.001173 0.016540  Caudal–peduncle length −0.270191 0.044102 −0.029729  Caudal–peduncle depth −0.316149 −0.016309 −0.023206  Body depth −0.332345 −0.038135 −0.022115  Head length −0.267522 0.004986 0.000216  Nostril length −0.205226 −0.023563 −0.055056  Nostril–eye length −0.268718  –0.121157  –0.067479  Snout length −0.267177 −0.024013 0.008681  Eye diameter −0.175481 0.022020 0.017973  Head depth −0.307436 0.015658 0.002112  Eye–lower jaw length −0.363431 0.034023 −0.012115  Nostril–lower jaw length −0.310226 0.022591 −0.000289  Lower jaw length −0.288871 0.004664 −0.001284  Upper jaw length −0.288167 0.005626 0.001896  Head width −0.331330 −0.051044 0.024029  Interorbital distance −0.327279 −0.050258 0.044306  Internasal distance −0.317153  –0.086391 0.042960  Other specimens examined    Angola. BMNH1965.3.15.351–352, 132– 175.5 mmSL, Cubangamua River, at Cuima, tributary of the Cunene River(Cuima ± 13 ◦13 ′S, 15 ◦42 ′E).  MRAC 158582, 245.0 mm SL, Muita Luembe(± 7 ◦50 ′S, 21 ◦22 ′E).  MRAC 158583, 224.5 mm, SL, Lac Calundo(± 11 ◦48 ′S, 20 ◦52 ′E).  MRAC 158584, 311.5 mmSL, Maludi, River Luembe(± 8 ◦02 ′S, 21 ◦20 ′E).  MRAC 78-006-P-0465, 197.5 mmSL, Lumboma, River Luembe, Basin River Kasai(± 07 ◦51 ′S, 21 ◦27 ′E).  MRAC 78-006-P-0466, 171.5 mmSL, Quimbango, Moyenne River, Cuanza(± 10 ◦58 ′S, 17 ◦35 ′E).  Figure 5. Scatterplot of inter-nasal distance (IN) (in % HL) against head length (HL) (in mm) for all examined specimens ( n= 72). See Figure 4 for symbols.    Botswana. BMNH  1976.3.18:2357-2359, 135.5–158.0 mm SL, Thalamakane River, upstream of Maun(Maun ± 19 ◦59 ′S, 23 ◦25 ′E).  BMNH  1976.3.18:2360-2362, 210.0– 249.5 mmSL, Shorobelagoon, Thamalakane River, upstream of Maun(Maun ± 19 ◦59 ′S, 23 ◦25 ′E).  MRAC 89-012-P-0568-570, 139.5–162.0 mm SL, Okavangodelta, Tokatsebee, Boro River(± 19 ◦55 ′S, 23 ◦30 ′E).    Zambia. BMNH  1969.9.25: 34, 206.5 mmSL, Voissiaedge, Chiansilagoon, Kafue( Chiansilagoon ± 15 ◦42 ′S, 28 ◦00 ′E).  MRAC 94-019-P-0641-0643, 111.0– 138.5 mmSL, Kashilu, 5 kmupstream from mouth, Luapula River( Luapula± 9 ◦26 ′S, 28 ◦33 ′E).    Democratic Republic of Congo. MRAC 14209, 242.0 mm SL, rivière. Luapulaà Kasenga(± 10 ◦22 ′S, 28 ◦38 ′E).  MRAC 14230, 333.0 mm SL, Luapulaà Kasenga(± 10 ◦22 ′S, 28 ◦38 ′E).  MRAC 81285, 260.0 mm SL, Kasenga, fleuve Luapula(± 10 ◦22 ′S, 28 ◦38 ′E).  MRAC 177040-042, 91.5–106.0 mm SL, Kisenge, River Luashi, affluent de la rivière. Luala, Terr. De Dilolo(± 10 ◦41 ′S, 23 ◦10 ′E).  Diagnosis   Hepsetus cuvierican be distinguished from  H. odoebased on a lower total number of gill rakers on the first gill arch (8–13 versus 14–21); a generally higher number of scales between the dorsal fin and the lateral line ( 101/ 2– 111/ 2versus 71/ 2– 101/ 2); a typically higher number of scales between the adipose fin and the lateral line ( 61/ 2– 71/ 2versus 41/ 2– 61/ 2); and a unique colour pattern characterized by a mottled appearance of the dark  Table 4. Results of Mann–Whitney U test for the 34 measurements (expressed in percentages) included in the PCA and with  Hepsetusspecimens grouped as follows: (a) Guinea, i.e.  H. odoe; (b) Southern Africa and Congo Basin (CB) “South”, i.e.  H. cuvieri; and (c) Congo Basin “North”, i.e.  H.cf. odoe. Highly significant values ( p<0.001 after Bonferroni correction) are in bold and underlined; significant values ( p<0.05 after Bonferroni correction) are in bold and italic. All specimens were included in the analysis, since there was no significant difference in SL between the groups.    Guinea × S. Africa Guinea × CB S. Africa × CB  “North” “North”  Standard length 0.511636 0.623326 0.633915  Pre-dorsal length 0.178670  0.000004 0.003190  Dorsal–adipose length 0.040947 0.004457 0.103093  Adipose–caudal length  0.000010  0.000010 0.614489  Pre-pelvic length 0.012561  0.000103 0.181213  Pelvic–pectoral length 0.804562 0.077101 0.108702  Pectoral–anal length 0.605577 0.108985 0.036197  Anal–caudal length 0.000789 0.002568 0.469405  Dorsal-fin base  0.000004 0.909070  0.000001  Adipose-fin base 0.477676 0.714746 0.420321  Pectoral-fin base 1.000000  0.000010  0.000000  Pelvic-fin base 0.070702  0.000000  0.000001  Anal-fin base 0.013346 0.137623 0.283985  Pre-anal length 0.398777 0.025134 0.243830  Post-anal length  0.000043 0.006337 0.121713  Dorsal fin height 0.352032 0.723297 0.473989  Adipose fin height  0.000023  0.000010 0.671595  Pectoral fin height 0.001216  0.000545  0.000004  Pelvic fin height 0.031425  0.000002  0.000000  Anal fin height 0.156724 0.059347 0.002612  Caudal–peduncle length 0.491119 0.033648 0.006905  Caudal–peduncle depth 0.002783  0.000164 0.503813  Body depth  0.000623  0.000009 0.038469  Head length 0.094325  0.000113 0.003287  Nostril length 0.170491 0.031768 0.690794  Nostril–eye length 0.003443  0.000000 0.005606  Snout length 0.003202  0.000000  0.000000  Eye diameter 0.002397  0.000474 0.370741  Head depth 0.180028 0.337321 0.086390  Eye–lower jaw length 0.048578 0.485982 0.009317  Nostril–lower jaw length 0.214511 0.007025 0.017589  Lower jaw length 0.357750 0.303995 0.770225  Upper jaw length 0.731239 0.303931 0.720324  Head width 0.137610  0.000000  0.000000  Interorbital distance 0.001278  0.000000  0.000000  Internasal distance 0.002568 0.000000 0.000000  Figure 6. Scatterplot of head width (HW) (in % HL) against head length (HL) (in mm) for all examined specimens ( n= 73). See Figure 4 for symbols. brown blotches on the lateral surface of the body versus the presence of vertical brown stripes/bars in that region in  H. odoe.  Description Meristic and morphometric data are given in Tables 5and 6respectively. Maximum size: 350 mmSL. Head narrow and deep. Snout pointed, narrow and short. Body form elongate with dorsal and anal fins set well back. Laterally compressed, body torpedo-shaped.  Colouration of preserved specimens Overall body colour marbled light to darker brown dorsal surface. Dark or lightbrown dorsal surface with mottled dark brown blotches (not always very obvious in preserved specimens) on flanks and cream coloured ventrally. Fins grey or blackish; generally translucent distally and sometimes transparent. Caudal fin translucent, sometimes transparent in mid-centre and central part of upper and lower lobes. Dorsal, anal and caudal fin with some small, rounded, dark-brown spots on membranes in-between rays and on rays themselves. Spots more obvious in larger individuals (±> 145 mmSL). Adipose fin cream basally, distally black. Three, well-marked, dark-brownish bands radiate behind eye on infra-orbitals and terminate on opercle. Small black dorsoventrally elongated spot present behind head above lateral line. Series of 10 to 16 small greyish elongated vertical bands, first situated just behind opercle and last situated just anterior to the caudal-fin base sometimes present. These bands tentatively identified as stress bands.  Table 5. Meristics for neotype and other examined specimens of  H. cuvieri.    Holotype and all other specimens examined  Holotype Min Max  n Median Std dev  Total number of lateral line 52 48 55 27 53 1.7  scales  Scales between dorsal fin and 10 1/2 10 1/2 11 1/2 27 10 1/2 0.4  lateral line  Scales between adipose fin and 6 1/2 6 1/2 7 1/2 27 6 1/2 0.5  lateral line  Scales between pelvic fin and 5 4 7 27 5 0.6  lateral line  Scales between anal fin and 6 5 7 27 7 0.6  lateral line  Pre-dorsal scales 18 15 19 27 17 1.0  Dorsal–adipose scales 19 16 22 27 19 1.4  Adipose–caudal scales 15 12 18 27 16 1.6  Epibranchial gill rakers on first 2 1 3 26 2 0.7  gill arch  Epibranchial gill plates on first 6 3 8 26 6–7 1.5  gill arch  Ceratobranchial gill rakers on 7 5 9 26 7 1.1  first gill arch  Ceratobranchial gill plates on 4 2 6 26 4 1.1  first gill arch  Total number of gill rakers on 10 8 13 26 10 1.3  first gill arch (UR/1/LR) Colouration in life or in freshly caught specimens: body colour marbled brassy olive to darker brown. Dorsal surface dark brassy olive with mottled dark brown blotches on flanks and cream coloured ventrum. Adipose fin orange basally, remain- der part black ( Skelton et al. 1985; Skelton 2001).  Distribution   Hepsetus cuvieriwas described from lac N’gami in Botswanaby Castelnau (1861). Based on the specimens examined in this study, the distribution of  H. cuvieriincludes the Quanza, Cunene, Okavango, upper Zambezi and Kafue River systems. Within the CongoRiver Basin  H. cuvierihas been found in the middle CongoBasin, i.e. the southernmost part of the KasaiBasin, and the upper CongoBasin, i.e. the Luapula River (Figure 8). R Coll. Esq. & Woosman. Botswana -20.5 Lake Ngami 1267 22.666666 11 1732 BMNH 1910.5 1 neotype BMNH Angola Cubangamua River -13.216666 River 1291 15.7 Cuima 12 1733 1 Cunene MRAC Angola -7.8333335 Muita Luembe 1302 21.366667 12 1733 MRAC 158582 1 MRAC Angola -11.8 Lac Calundo 1294 20.866667 12 1733 1 MRAC Angola -8.033334 River Luembe 1302 21.333334 Maludi 12 1733 1 MRAC Angola Lumboma -7.85 River Kasai 1302 21.45 River Luembe 12 1733 MRAC 78-006 1 MRAC Angola Quimbango -10.966666 Cuanza 1296 17.583334 Moyenne River 12 1733 MRAC 78-006 1 1976-03-18 BMNH Botswana -19.983334 Thalamakane River 1269 23.416666 Maun 13 1734 1 1976-03-18 BMNH Botswana Maun -19.983334 Shorobe 1269 23.416666 Thamalakane River 13 1734 1 MRAC Botswana Boro River -19.916666 Okavango 1270 23.5 Tokatsebee 13 1734 MRAC 89-012 1 1969-09-25 BMNH Zambia Voissia -15.7 Kafue 1284 28.0 Chiansi 13 1734 1 MRAC Zambia -9.433333 Kashilu 1299 28.55 13 1734 MRAC 94-019 1 Luapula MRAC Democratic Republic of the Congo -10.366667 Luapula 1298 28.633333 Kasenga 13 1734 MRAC 14209 1 MRAC Democratic Republic of Congo -10.366667 Luapula 1298 28.633333 Kasenga 13 1734 MRAC 14230 1 MRAC Democratic Republic of Congo -10.366667 Kasenga 1298 28.633333 Luapula 13 1734 MRAC 81285 1 MRAC Democratic Republic of Congo Terr. De Dilolo -10.683333 Kisenge 1297 23.166666 Luala 13 1734 MRAC 177040-042, 91.5 1