Cervus muntjak Zimmermann, 1780 Cervidae Don E. Wilson Russell A. Mittermeier 44KXN Zimmermann 1780 [1853,2212,3216,3262] Mammalia Cervidae Muntiacus Animalia Artiodactyla 3 410 Chordata species muntjak    8.    Red Muntjac    French: Muntjac indien/ German: Muntjak/ Spanish:  Muntiacorojo   Taxonomy. Cervus muntjak Zimmermann, 1780,    Java.  Some authors have recently proposed recognizing three species, M. muntjakof the Malaysian and Sundaic region, M. montanus of the Sumatran mountains, and M. vaginalis of south and south-eastern continental Asia, mainly on the basis of different karyotypes and small differences in coat coloration. Until further study of the phylogenetic relationships, we will continue to treat them as one species. Ten subspecies are recognized.    Subspecies and Distribution.   M.m.muntjakZimmermann,1780—PeninsularMalaysia,Sumatra,Java,Bali,Borneoandseveralassociatedsmallerislands.   M.m.annamensisKloss,1928—SLaos,SVietnam,andCambodia.  M.m.aureusC.H.Smith,1826—Pakistan,N&CIndia.  M.m.curvostylisGray,1872—Myanmar,Thailand.  M.m.malabaricusLydekker,1915—SIndiaandSriLanka.  M.m.menglalisWang&Groves,1988—SChina(SYunnan);possiblyalsoinneighboringMyanmar,Laos,andVietnam. M.m.montanusRobinson&Kloss,1918—Sumatranhighlands.  M.m.nigripesG.Allen,1930—HainanI.  M.m.vaginalisBoddaert,1785—Nepal,Bhutan,NEIndia,andBangladesh.  M. m. yunnanensis Ma & Wang, 1988— S China(from C & N Yunnanand S Sichuanto S Fujian& Guangdong). Forms from mainland Asia have been introduced into the Andaman Is.   Descriptive notes.Head-body 90-120 cm, tail 17-19 cm, shoulder height 50-70 cm; weight 20-28 kg (up to 35 kgin VietnamandJava). Sexes are of equal size. Mediumto large-sized muntjacs, with long pedicles (8-15 cm in length) and thick frontal ridges; antlers generally well developed (8-20 cm; up to 27 cmlong), typically with a short brow tine; the tips of the antlers tend to curve inwards. The coat is reddish, with paler, sometimes whitish or grayish underparts. The tail is orange to red-brown; in subspecies montanus it is dark brown. Two black lines along antler pedicles extend down to the face. Fawns are spotted. Two straightslits on the face indicate the pair of frontal glands. Antler cycles are synchronized at the local level. Antler casting generally occurs in a three-month period with a peak in April-May. The lowest number of chromosomes of any mammal; diploid number is 7 or 9 (males) and 6 or 8 (females).   Habitat.It is a flexible forest-dwelling species that lives in deciduous and evergreen forests, old-growth and secondary forests, in exotic commercial plantations, sometimes in grasslands and croplands close to the forest edge. On HainanIsland it uses shrubland and savanna and tends to avoid woods. Normally found up to 1000-1500 m above sea level, in Himalayas up to 3000-3500 m.   Food and Feeding.The Red Muntjac eats mainly fruits, buds, young leaves, small seeds, twigs, and sometimes green grass near the forest edge. It has been described as a major dispersal agent of fruit-producing plants.   Breeding.Females may reach puberty at 8-10 months of age. They are polyestrous, with an estrous cycle of about 18 days. Breeding occurs in all months of the year. The length of pregnancy is about 210 days. Females have a postpartum estrus and the interbirth interval may be only eight months. Females give birth to a single fawn weighing 1.2-1. 5 kg. Weaning occurs very precociously at 70 days. Potential maximum longevity is around 17 years of age. Tigers (Panthera tigris), Leopards (P. pardus), and clouded leopards (Neofelis spp.) are the main predators.   Activity patterns.It is active all the day, more at dawn and dusk.   Movements, Home range and Social organization.It is very secretive, usually moving in a network of pathways in dense cover. Males have relatively large home ranges encompassing those of a few females. In Nepalmales have mean home ranges of 7 km?; female ranges are 6 km?*. Red Muntjacs do not seem strictly territorial, with exclusive areas, but exhibit site-specific dominance. Males spend much time in scent marking and may be aggressive with individuals of the same sex. These muntjacs are essentially solitary, but not asocial; and it is possible that a local population forms some kind of social unit held together by a complex net of scent. The maximum number of animals observed together is four, generally undera fruiting tree or around a small waterhole. Groups of two individuals are a mating pair or mother and her young.   Status and Conservation.Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List, two forms have been asessed independently; the race fromthe Sumatran mountains (montanus) was classified as Data Deficient and the mainland populations as Least Concern. It appears to be fairly resilient to hunting and habitat degradation and it is still common in most of its range, possibly decreasing. Its meat is among the most consumed in south and south-eastern Asia.   Bibliography.Acharjyo & Patnaik (1984), Barrette (1977, 2004), Dubost (1971), Nagarkoti & Thapa (2007), Odden & Wegge (2007), Schaller (1967), Timmins, Duckworth, Hedges et al. (2008). 3785196324 [2133,2199,3346,3379] 3 410