Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana & A.K.Pandey, Phytotaxa 450(2): 184. 2020 Aucklandia costus Falc., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6: 475. 1841 Theodorea costus Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 368. 1891 Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip., Linnaea 19(3): 331. 1846 Jurinella macrocephala A taxonomic revision of the genus Dolomiaea (Asteraceae: Cardueae) in India S., Kasana P. L., Uniyal Pandey, A. K. Rheedea 2021 2021-03-31 31 1 1 10 6DD8D (Falc.) Kasana & A. K. Pandey, Phytotaxa Kasana & A. K. Pandey, Phytotaxa Falc. Magnoliopsida Asteraceae Dolomiaea Plantae Asterales 3 4 Tracheophyta species costus  Perennial herbs, erect, 1–3 mtall. Stem simple, pubescent above, 0.8–2 cmin diam. Basal leaves membranous, 10–12 × 7–9 cm, irregularly toothed; petiole 4–30 cm, lobately winged. Cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, 14–16 × 9–11 cm. Leaves gland dotted or pubescent abaxially, hirsute adaxially, margin dentate or mucronate, apex acute. Capitula homogamous, sessile, solitary or in cluster of 3–5, usually terminal, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2 cm. Involucral bracts acuminate, ovate-lanceolate, sparsely arachnoid, purple. Corolla dark violetpurple, tubular, 1.5–1.8 cmlong. Anther tails lacerate. Cypsela cylindrical, brown, curved, compressed, 0.6–1 cmlong. Pappus brown, feathery, plumose, 1.3–1.9 mm.   Fig. 3. Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana & A.K.Pandey: A.Habit; b.Pubescent stem; c.Cluster of capitula (images by S. Kasana).  Flowering & fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from July to October.  Habitat: Grows on rocky slopes and is widely cultivated due to its immense medicinal properties. It is found at elevations from 2100 to 4500 m.  Distribution: China(cultivated), Indiaand Pakistan.  Specimens examined:  INDIA,  Himachal Pradesh, Chamba district, Pangi Valley, Sural,  3200 m,  18.07.2010,  Pawan K .   Rana30612 ( PUN); Kinnaur district, Chitkul,  17.08.1973,  K. P .   Janardhanan52774 ( BSD); Nichar,  2300 m,  28.05.1962,  N. C .   Nair22065 ( BSD); Upper Bashahr Forest Division, MFP  Branch  01.09.1951, s.coll.( DD); Kullu district, Kullu, Jaloripass,  3300 m,  10.06.1990,  Daya Singh16422 ( PUN); Lahul Spiti district,  3000 m,  01.09.1961,  N. C .   Nair16669 ( DUH); Lahul, Koksar,  05.09.1985,  P. K .   Hajra76995 ( BSD); Koksar(cult.),  3200 m,  02.08.1971,  U. C .   Bhattacharyya44987 ( BSD); Sissu,  3500 m,  26.06.1958,  M. A .   Rau5919 ( BSD); Sissu,  3079 m,  05.07.1938,  N. L .   Bor12320 ( DD); Jahlma, Nalda – Jasrath reserve, Pattan valley,  2896 m,  10.06.1958,  S. P .  Sethi& R. S.   Negi304 ( DD); Kyelong,  3139 m,  14.07.1941,  N. L .   Bor9934 ( DD); Mandi district, Chhatru,  3375 m,  05.09.1961,  N. C .   Nair16669 ( BSD);   Jammu and Kashmir, Thajwas mountains,  3800 m,  18.06.1959,  T. A .   Rau9563 ( BSD); Kunpathri in Tilal,  3048 m,  13.08.1909,  Keshavanand1515 ( DD); Kashmir,  01.08.1891,  J. C .   McDonells.n.( DD); Badzulkodnullah, Liddar valley,  3962 m,  01.08.1893,  J. F .   Duthies.n.( DD); Liddar valley,  3353 m,  21.07.1993,  J. F .   Duthie13106 ( DD); Jaju Basato Guric,  26.09.1838,  Falconer’scollectors s.n.( DD); Kamripass,  3962 m,  01.08.1892, s.coll. 12582 ( DD); Ramban,  27.06.1925, Shor Singh s.n.( DD); Sind valley,  3048 m,  13.08.1883,  J. F .   Duthie13584 ( DD); Keyan forest, Kawnahbasin, Kishanganga valley,  2743 m,  12.07.1906, Keshavanand207 ( DD); Kilshai Bala in Tilai,  3353 m,  25.08.1909, Keshavanand1576 ( DD); Kishanganga valley, Shakhara stream, Jagram forest,  3353 m,  05.08.1906, Keshavanand355 ( DD); Baltistan, Dras valley,  3353 m,  22.08.1893,  J. F .   Duthies.n.( DD); Sonmarg, Sind valley,  2743 m,  05.08.1891,  G. A .   Gammas.n.( DD); Srinagar, Dhara Mahadev,  2944 m,  16.06.2015,  Sumeet Kour2317 ( KASH); Sonmarg,  2700 m,  10.09.1975,  A. R .   Azad1136 ( KASH); Kashmir, Simthanquarter,  3700 m,  26.07.1974,  Gurcharan Singh2914 ( KASH); Pir Panjalrange,  3010 m,  12.07.1975, s.coll. 1356 ( KASH); Kashmir, Diisonnala,  3100 m,  12.09.1988,  Shoukat Ara21 ( KASH);   Uttarakhand, Chamoli district, Dronagiri,  P. K .   Hajra& Bipin Badoli87551 ( BSD); Chamoli, North of Bumpa,  3800 m,  06.09.1975,  B .   D. Naithani56102 ( BSD); Gharwal district, Buhna,  3500 m,  15.06.1959,  M. A .   Rau10209 ( BSD); Rudraprayag district, Triyuginarayan, GB  Pant NIHE,  Rural Technology Centre,  2000 m,  05.10.2017,  Shruti Kasana1743, 1744 ( DUH).  Conservation status: The species is in high demand due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as Costunolide and Cynaropicrin ( Pandey et al., 2007) and is listed in Appendix I of CITES. It is overharvested for its aromatic roots and it has been reported that the natural population is decreasing rapidly ( Anonymous, 2011; Sharma et al., 2019). This species is assessed as Critically Endangered [CR A2(c,d)] in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Taxa. In our field explorations also, we came across only one population in the wild (near Lahaul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh) but found the species in cultivation at various locations.  Notes: Victor Jacquemont made extensive collections for the Museum d’ Histoire Naturelleto the East for Voyage dans l’Inde and his specimen from Kashmir, India, is the original material for  Aplotaxis lappa. In the protologue, only the collection locality is mentioned and no type was designated. Athorough search for the original material at BR, P, PCand G, where Jacquemont’s collections are reportedly located revealed one of the original material agreeing well with the protologue ( Jacquemont727 at P[ P00602864digital image!]) and is hence designated here as the lectotypefollowing Art. 9.3 of the Shenzhen code (Turland et al., 2018).   Dolomiaea macrocephalaDC. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.[Royle] pt. 5: t.57. 1835.  Carduus macrocephalusDesf., Fl. Atlant.2: 245. 1799.  Carduus macrocephalusWall., Numer. List[Wallich] n. 2904. 1831. nom. nud.  Saussurea religiosaRoyle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts.[Royle] pt. 8: 251. 1835;  Carduus nepalensisSpreng. ex DC., Prodr.[A.P. de Candolle] 6: 542. 1838:  Jurinea macrocephala(DC. ex Royle) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke, Compos. Ind.237. 1876, nom. illeg.  Jurinea dolomiaeaBoiss. Fl. Orient.(Boisser) 311. 1888.  Jurinea himalaicaR.R.Stewart, Fl. W.Pakistan Annot. Cat. 757. 1972, nom. illeg.   Jurinella macrocephala(DC. ex Royle) Aswal & Goel, Indian J. Forest.11(4): 339. 1989.  Lectotype(designated here): INDIA, Gosain Than, Kumaon, Wallich2904 (E [E00394933 digital image!]).  Isolectotypes: (G [G00474692, G00474688 digital images!], P [P00705232 digital image!]).   Jurinea himalaicavar. tibeticaR.R.Stewart, Fl. W. Pakistan757. 1972.  Jurinea dolomiaeavar. tibetica(R.R.Stewart) H.B.Naithani, Fl. Pl. India, Nepal& Bhutan230. 1990.  Jurinella macrocephalavar. tibetica(R.R.Stewart) Karthik. & Moorthy, Fl. Pl. India242. 2009.  Type: Baltistan, Burji La, 12000 ft, Clarke29887A ( HoloK [not seen]).  FigS. 4& 5 Perennial herbs, acaulescent. Leaves petiolate, oblong-obovate, 20–30 cmlong, lobes pinnatifid, denticulate, adaxial surface hirsute, abaxial densely woolly. Capitula numerous, 3–15 innumber, sessile to shortly peduncled, 4–5 × 2.5–3.2 cm, tomentose. Involucral bracts multiseriate, ovate to ellipticlanceolate, scabrid, scarious. Corolla tubular, linear, 2–3.5 cmlong, purple. Filaments glabrous. Anther base caudate; tails lacerate. Cypsela obovate, compressed, curved, glabrous, with black wavy fringes, apex truncate. Pappus plumose, brown, deciduous as a whole.   Fig. 4. Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle: A.Habit; b.Enlarged portion of leaf with densely woolly abaxial surface; c.Enlarged portion of leaf with hirsute adaxial surface; d.Floret; e.Pappus; f.Cypsela; g.Involucral bracts. [scale = 1mm (b-g); 2 cm (a)] (from S. Kasana 1713; drawn by S. Kasana).  Flowering & fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from July to October.  Habitat: Grows in alpine meadows, on rocky slopes and in rock crevices, at elevations from 3500 to 4600 m.  Distribution: India, Nepaland Pakistan.  Specimens examined:  INDIA,  Uttarakhand, Rudraprayag district, Tungnath,  3650 m,  03.10.2017, Shruti Kasana1713, 1714 ( DUH);   Fig. 5. Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle: A & b.Habit; c.Habitat (images by S. Kasana).  Garhwal, near Chandrashila peak,  4090 m,  03.10.2017, Shruti Kasana1735 ( DUH).  Conservation status: During our field visits (from 2017–2020), we observed the species to be of occasional distribution but the population size has decreased over these years possibly due to over exploitation for its medicinal properties. We have also observed that its natural habitat is under threat due to increased tourist influx, leading to a decline in its extent of occurrence and the number of populations. Therefore, as the species is facing high risk of extinction from the wild, it has been assessed here as Vulnerable [Criterion B1 a,b(i,ii,iv)] following the guidelines of IUCN (2019).  Notes: Candolle described  Dolomiaea macrocephalabased on Wallich’s collection ( Catalogue No.2904) from India, Gosain Than, Kumaon. However, he did not designate the type or mention the herbarium where the specimen was kept. We traced four original materials at three different herbaria: E( E00394933digital image!), G( G00474692, G00474688digital images!) and P( P00705232digital image!). As the specimen at E( E00394933) agrees well with the protologue, we designate it as the lectotypefollowing Art. 9.3 of the Shenzhen code (Turland et al., 2018). The placement of this species in genus  Dolomiaeawas unclear and many authors ( Hooker, 1881; Pusalkar & Singh, 2012; Singh & Pusalkar, 2020) accepted it under the genus  Jurinea. This confusion arose due to the transfer of  D. macrocephalato  Jurineaby Pierre Edmond Boissier in 1888. When Boisser transferred the species, the epithet ‘ macrocephala’was preoccupied within  Jurineaand hence, a replacement name was given as  Jurinea dolomiaeaBoiss. Byapplying this taxonomic change, the typeof genus  Dolomiaeawas implicitly excluded by Boissier and hence the genus  Dolomiaeawas left with no type. This increased the existing confusion within  Saussurea s.l.(now known as subtribe Saussureinae). However, recent molecular work ( Herrando-Moraira et al., 2020) has clearly shown that this species lies in the  Dolomiaeaclade. Also, detailed morphological investigation shows that it should belong to  Dolomiaearather than  Jurineadue to the absence of scales on the receptacle and yellowish pappus bristles that are not inserted on a conic cupule in  Dolomiaeaas compared to the presence of short scales on the receptacle and white pappus bristles that are inserted on a conic cupule in  Jurinea. 2010-07-18 K Pawan India Chamba district 3200 Sural Pangi Valley 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1973-08-17 PUN, K, P Rana India Chitkul Kinnaur district 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1962-05-28 BSD, N, C Janardhanan India 2300 Nichar 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh [113,796,1434,1930] BSD, MFP Nair India Upper Bashahr Forest Division 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1951-01-09 1990-10-06 1951-01-09 DD, PUN, N, C India Branch 3300 Kullu Kullu district 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1985-05-09 DUH, P, K Nair India Koksar Lahul 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1971-02-08 BSD, U, C Hajra India 3200 Koksar 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1958-06-26 BSD, M, A Bhattacharyya India 3500 Sissu 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1938-05-07 BSD, N, L Rau India 3079 Sissu 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1958-10-06 DD, S, P Bor India Jahlma 2896 Pattan valley Jasrath reserve 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh [785,917,1819,1846] R, S Sethi India 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1941-07-14 DD, N, L Negi India 3139 Kyelong 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1961-05-09 DD, N, C Bor India 3375 Chhatru Mandi district 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh BSD Nair India 5 6 4 5 1 Himachal Pradesh 1959-06-18 T, A India 3800 Thajwas mountains 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1891-01-08 1909-08-13 1891-01-08 BSD, DD, J, C Rau & Keshavanand India 3048 Kashmir Kunpathri in Tilal 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1893-01-08 DD, J, F McDonell India 3962 Liddar valley Badzulkod 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1993-07-21 DD, J, F Duthie India 3353 Liddar valley 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1838-09-26 1925-06-27 1838-09-26 DD, J, F Duthie India Jaju Basa 3962 Falconer's Guric 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1893-08-22 1909-08-25 1893-08-22 DD, J, F Duthie India Keyan forest 2743 Kishanganga valley Kawnah 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1891-05-08 DD, G, A Duthie India 2743 Sonmarg 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1975-10-09 2015-06-16 1975-10-09 DD, KASH, A, R Gamma & Sumeet Kour India Srinagar 2944 Sonmarg Dhara Mahadev 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1974-07-26 1988-12-09 1974-07-26 KASH Azad & Gurcharan Singh & Shoukat Ara India Kashmir 3700 Pir Panjal Simthan 5 6 1 Jammu and Kashmir P, K Dronagiri India Chamoli district 5 6 1 Uttarakhand 1975-06-09 BSD, B Hajra & Bipin Badoli India 3800 North of Bumpa Chamoli 5 6 1 Uttarakhand 1959-06-15 BSD, M, A D. Naithani India 3500 Buhna Gharwal district 5 6 1 Uttarakhand BSD, GB Rau & Triyuginarayan India Rudraprayag district 5 6 1 Uttarakhand [113,254,1451,1477] NIHE Pant India 5 6 1 Uttarakhand 2017-05-10 DUH Shruti Kasana India 2000 Rural Technology Centre 5 6 1 Uttarakhand A, BR, P, PC, G Museum d' Histoire Naturelle India India 5 6 P00602864 1 lectotype 2017-03-10 DUH India 3650 Tungnath Rudraprayag district 6 7 1 Uttarakhand 2017-03-10 DUH 4090 7 8 1 E, G, P Catalogue No. India India 7 8 E00394933, G00474692, G00474688, P00705232 1 lectotype