A preliminary report on the World species of Bemisia Quaintance and Baker and its congeners (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with a comparative analysis of morphological variation and its role in the recognition of species Raymond Gill Gill, Raymond Insecta Mundi 2012 2012-03-23 2012 219 1 99 LGTY Corbett 1936 [192,339,456,475] Insecta Aleyrodidae Bemisia Animalia Hemiptera 10 9 Arthropoda species hancocki  (these also occur on  B. tuberculataspecimens from South America) and ridges at the end of the vasiform orifice, but the variability of these characters and thus their reliability as taxonomic have not been assessed. The original illustration of  B. leakiiby Peal shows an elongated lingula, a characteristic of Asian members of this complex (e.g.  B. moringaeDavid and Subramanium) and the new World (e.g.  B. berbericola) rather than the shorter lingulae of Europe and Africa specimens of the afer complex. Specimens of  B. tuberculatafrom South America tend to have lingulae of length that is intermediate between those of afer complex specimens from Africa and  B. berbericolafrom North America. This also is a variable character and its usefulness as a taxonomic character is unknown. Populations in the afer complex exhibit extreme morphological variability in the length of dorsal setae and development of rugosities and protuberances. There are some intriguing characters in some of the species of the afer complex from the Macaronesian Islands that are illustrated later. Specimens from one population have a different ommatidial arrangement in the adult compound eyes than those in other other populations, and also have a longer lingula. They also show molecular similarities with specimens from western North America, which have the same eye configuration (see discussion for Fig. 64). seems to be no morphological basis for treating them as separate. It is here considered to be in the afer complex of species. It is apparently African in origin. (Figure reprinted by permission from   Fig. 16:Labeled as  Bemisia hancockiCorbett, but may be a synonym of  Bemisia aferas there Springer Science+Business Media B.V.). numerous long setae and the star-shaped protuberances. It is known from several widely separated localities in Africa, all on the same host species. It is obviously in the afer group, but whether it should have species level status is problematic. The double set of submedial and subdorsal pore-   Fig. 17:  Bemisia guieriaeBink-Moenenis a morphologically striking species because of the porette pairs could be host-induced variation. A similar morphological response can be seen in the specimens of  B. berbericolafrom oak in Fig. 23, and particularly in some specimens from the Macaronesian Islands discussed below (see Fig. 66 and 70). (Figure reprinted by permission from Springer Science+Business Media B.V.). specimen, as determined by Louise Russell, deviates little from the form of  B. aferexcept that it does not have the thickened crenulations at the ends of tracheal folds. Other South American specimens sometimes have microspines around the antennae and first thoracic legs and the cephalic setae are often elongated. Based on mtCO1 data, this species and  B. berbericola, appear to be distinct from   Fig. 18:  Bemisia tuberculataBondaris the South American member of the afer group. This African  B. afer( Gill and Brown, 2010, see fig. 1.3 and 1.4, ref. TUBBZ). specimen and from  B. aferby having a longer lingula and pore/porette combinations that are closer together. Like  B. tuberculata, it does not show marginal crenulation thickenings at the ends of the tracheal folds. It is most commonly found on Oregongrape,  Berberis aquifoliumPursh. (Berberidaceae)and   Fig. 19:A specimen of  Bemisia tuberculata. This specimen shows variability from the above   Fig. 20:  Bemisia berbericola(Cockerell)is the North American representative of the afer group.  Californialaurel,  Umbellularia california(Hook. and Arn.) (Lauraceae), both smooth-leafed species, and so tuberculation is usually not pronounced (but see below). The species is under excellent biocontrol in the western U.S., and is thought to be native there. However, there are similar forms in eastern Asia and India. It tends to have a longer lingula than some specimens of  B. tuberculataand most specimens of African-origin afer group specimens. The lingular shape is more closely comparable with Asian specimens such as  B. moringae(David and Subramanium). (Figure reprinted by permission from Springer Science+Business Media B.V.). known which have an unusually elongated and narrow lingula. Whether this is a species level distinction or is environmentally induced is unknown. puparial characteristics. It is unusual compared to that species in that the pore/porette combinations are adjacent, although they are aligned with the porette closest to the margin, as they are in the afer groups. The specimen also has three pairs of pore/porette pairs on the first abdominal segment, and shows the development of some tuberculation on the anterior abdominal segment midlines and along the lateral edges of the dorsal disc. This specimen is from oak (  Quercussp.), which has a thick development of leaf hairs on the ventral surfaces. development of bead-like protuberances. The specimen is from Kings County, California on  Quercus   Fig. 21:Specimen from California near  B. berbericola(see above). Occasional specimens are   Fig. 22:This specimen, probably also  B. berbericola, shows some variation from the normal   Fig. 23:A specimen of  B. berbericolathat shows an atypical enlargement of some setae and the sp., many species of which have very hirsute lower leaf surfaces in that habitat. This specimen also has adjacent pore/porette combinations like the specimen in Fig. 22. The variation seen in these oak specimens are probably due to the morphology of the leaf surfaces. (Figure reprinted by permission from Springer Science+Business Media B.V.). Californiaspecimens of  B. berbericola. It is one of three specimenscollected from two widely separated locations on  Adenostoma fasciculatumHook & Arn. (Rosaceae). The leaflets of this plant are tiny and cylindrical, 4-10 mmlong and 1 mmwide. The puparium is elongate in shape instead of ovoid/   Fig. 24:An atypical specimen referable to  B. berbericola. This specimen is different from other circular as in  B. berbericola, has an extremely long lingula, and the pore/porette combinations are sparse in the area between the submargin and the outer edges of the dorsal disc. There is a continuous row of pore/porettes along the submargin, and there are a few raised tuberculations. The variations here are apparently associated with the host leaf morphology. Whether this is a separate species from  B. berbericolaor adaptation to the leaf structure is not known.