Dirt-encrusted and dragon millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Queensland, Australia Mesibov, Robert Zootaxa 2006 1354 31 44 7P8ZZ [264,444,1161,1187] Diplopoda Paradoxosomatidae Desmoxytoides Animalia Polydesmida 1 32 Arthropoda genus gen. nov.    Typespecies: Desmoxytoides hasenpuschorum  n. sp., by present designation.   Diagnosis: Small paradoxosomatids (males ca. 10 mmlong) with head+20 rings; paranota “antler-like” and raised slightly upwards; metatergites dorsally with 2 transverse rows of 4 large, setiferous tubercles on either side of transverse furrow; metazonite surface covered with minute tubercles. Distinguished from  Desmoxytesby the solenomere arising posterior to the other telopodite process, rather than anterior, and by the other process being smaller than the solenomere and spine-like.   Etymology: Greek - eides(“like”), from the close resemblance to  Desmoxytes; masculine.   Remarks. Golovatch and Enghoff (1994)noted that the 19 species they assigned to the dragon millipede genus  Desmoxytesexhibit a mosaic-like distribution of character states in gonopod form, paranotal development, and dorsal sculpturing and surface texture of the metazonites. For this reason, they cautioned that “the definition of  Desmoxytesis somewhat fragile” ( Golovatch & Enghoff 1994, p. 62). Nevertheless, they regarded the group as monophyletic, and easily recognised by the spectacular “antler-like”, “spine-like” or “wing-like” paranota. At the time, all known species were restricted to southeast Asia apart from the pantropical tramp  D. planata(Pocock, 1895), whose native range is unknown. Nguyen Duc Anh, Golovatch and Anichkin (2005)added four new Vietnamese species to  Desmoxyteswithout redefining the genus. The finding of a dragon millipede in the Australian tropics raises again the question of how  Desmoxytesshould be circumscribed. The new form shares with at least some  Desmoxytesspecies the following three apomorphic character states: “antler-like” paranota; two transverse rows of large, setiferous tubercles dorsally on the metazonites; and microtubercular texturing of the metazonite integument. Like most  Desmoxytesspecies, the new form also has long, thin legs and a gonopod telopodite divided distally into a solenomere and a second, parallel, closely placed process. However, in all  Desmoxytespreviously described from males the solenomere is “protected”, i.e. it arises and stands anterior to the second process, which is often larger than the solenomere and sometimes complex in shape. In the new species, the solenomere arises and stands posterior to a small spine-like process ( Figs. 1B, 2C). Intriguingly, the prostatic groove in the new species runs helically around the base of the solenomere, and it is possible to see this as evidence that the distal portion of the telopodite may have rotated in development so as to reverse the solenomere/second process arrangement seen in other dragon millipedes. I am erecting  Desmoxytoidesfor the Queenslandspecies because of its divergent gonopod form. Future finds of new dragon millipedes, and of males of the species currently known only from females, may suggest that the Australian form is best placed within a single, highly variable genus  Desmoxytes.