Telephanus cruciger Waterhouse, 1876: 125 Psammoecus upsilon Blackburn, 1903: 155 Psammoecus cephalotes Grouvelle, 1919: 20 Psammoecus cruciger Grouvelle 1908: 476 Arrow 1927: 44 Hetschko 1930: 82 Psammoecus cephalotes Arrow 1927: 44 Hetschko 1930: 82 Pal 1985: 41 Psammoecus upsilon Arrow 1927: 44 Psammoecus ypsilon Hetschko 1930: 82 Pal 1985: 41 Psammoecus trimaculatus Grouvelle 1908: 476 Pal 1985: 41 Taxonomic Studies on Australian Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae, Brontinae) Karner, Michael European Journal of Taxonomy 2020 2020-11-12 723 135 158 (Waterhouse, 1876) Waterhouse 1876 [542,1046,979,1006] Insecta Silvanidae Psammoecus Animalia Coleoptera 2 137 Arthropoda species cruciger   Fig. 1      Telephanus cruciger Waterhouse, 1876: 125.     Psammoecus upsilon Blackburn, 1903: 155.     Psammoecus cephalotes Grouvelle, 1919: 20.    Psammoecus cruciger–  Grouvelle 1908: 476. —  Arrow 1927: 44. —  Hetschko 1930: 82.    Psammoecus cephalotes–  Arrow 1927: 44. —  Hetschko 1930: 82. —  Pal 1985: 41.    Psammoecus upsilon–  Arrow 1927: 44.    Psammoecus ypsilon–  Hetschko 1930: 82. —  Pal 1985: 41(misspellings).  non  Psammoecus trimaculatus–  Grouvelle 1908: 476(misidentification). —  Pal 1985: 41.    Diagnosis The following combination of character states distinguishes this species: body oval ( Fig. 1A) length 1.97– 2.73 mm; eyes ( Fig. 1B) large, evenly rounded; temples distinct, narrowed evenly immediately behind eyes; frontal grooves flat, slightly curved, short, reaching anterior fifth of eyes; antennae stout ( Fig. 1C), antennomere 6 sometimes slightly darkened, antennomeres 7–10 distinctly darkened, antennomere 11 whitish yellow; punctation on head and pronotal disc dense, microsculpture absent, punctures round, somewhat smaller than an eye facet diameter, pubescence on head and pronotum moderate; pronotum ( Fig. 1B) widest at anterior third, pronotal punctation moderate, punctures widened, about as wide as eye facet diameter, lateral pronotal margins with four, sometimes only three teeth of moderate size, anterior and posterior denticles present, small; elytra ( Fig. 1A) widest at middle, elytra with piceous maculae: wide band near middle, posterior half of suture and elytral apex darkened, humeral area often slightly to distinctly darkened; elytral pubescence short, longer setae along anterior half of interstice between 9 thand 11 thstria; male genitalia ( Fig. 1D–F) moderately sclerotised, with short, blunt median lobe that bears distinct, complex sclerotizations in apical part of internal sac, parameres short, bearing three distinct, long setae, parameres fused with tegmen, inner margins fused medially at flat angle, almost forming arc.    Material examined  Types PAPUA NEW GUINEA• ♀, holotypeof  Telephanus cruciger Waterhouse, 1876; Dory; “Type” [round label with red border]; “59 58. Dory. | New Guinea”; “  Telephanus|  cruciger, | (Type) C.Waterh.”. [59– 58 refers to 703 Coleopteraspecimens collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in Dory, New Guinea, and puchased by NHMUKfrom Stevens’ Auction House in 1859 (M.V.L. Barclay pers. comm.)]; NHMUK.  AUSTRALIA• ♀, holotypeof  Psammoecus upsilon Blackburn, 1903(=  P. ypsilonsensu Hetschko 1930); [Northern Queensland?]; “T. | 7223 | N. Qv [?]” [written on mounting label, last line in red ink]; “Type | H. T.” [round label with red border]; “  Psammoecus|  upsilon, Blackb.”; “Australia. | Blackburn Coll. | B.M. 1910–236.”; NHMUK.   AUSTRALIA• ♀, holotypeof  Psammoecus cephalotes Grouvelle, 1919; Port Darwin; “ Type” [round label with red border]; “Port Darwin. | 92–2.”; “4716”; “  Psammoecus|  cephalotes| G. Grouv” [Grouvelle’s hand]; NHMUK.  Other material   AUSTRALIA–  Queensland– Cairns• 3 specs;  Aug. 1947; ANIC•  4 specs; ANIC•  6 specs;  Sep. 1949; ANIC•  1 spec.; 16°55′ S, 145°46′ E;  26 Jan. 1938; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  18 Apr.–14 May 1965; Brooksleg.; at indoor light; ANIC•  1 spec.;  25 Mar. 1965; Baloghleg.; HNHM•  1 spec.; Little Mulgrave National Park;  16 Dec. 1967; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; Russell RiverXing; 17°26′ S, 145°54′ E;  11 Jun. 1992; Reidleg.; weedy rainforest, beating  Hibiscus; ANIC•  10 specs; Edge Hill; 16°55′ S, 145°46′ E;  9 Aug. 1968; Baloghand Loksaleg.; HNHM. –   Cassowary Coast Region• 1 spec.; Cardstone;  1 Jan. 1966; Hydeleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  2 Feb. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  6 specs; same locality;  10–13 Mar. 1966; Hydeleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  14 Nov. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  4 specs; same locality;  15 Nov. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  16 Nov. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  2 specs; same data as for preceding; MKF•  1 spec.; same locality;  19 Nov. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  28 Nov. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  1–2 Dec. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  5–6 Dec. 1966; Brooksleg.; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  20 Jan. 1967; Hydeleg.; ANIC•  4 specs; Hinchinbrook Island, Gayundah Creek;  8–9 Nov. 1984; Marksleg.; light trap; ANIC•  1 spec.; same locality;  15–17 Nov. 1984; Marksleg.; light trap; ANIC•  1 spec.; Innisfail, Seymour Range;  6 Nov. 1966; Brittonleg.; rainforest at light; ANIC. –   Mackay Region• 4 specs; Finch Hatton, Cattle Ck Xing;  9 Jun. 1992; Reidleg.; beaten from flowering  Eucalyptus; ANIC•  1 spec.; Bucasia;  3 Jan. 2007; Sanderyleg.; ANIC. –   Shire of Cook• 1 spec.; Iron Range National Park, Mount Tozer; 12°43′ S, 143°17′ E;  5–10 Jul. 1986; Weirand Calderleg.; at light; ANIC. –   Shire of Douglas• 1 spec.; Daintree;  29 Oct. 1966; Brittonleg.; dead leaves edge of rainforest; ANIC•  1 spec.; same data as for preceding; MKF. –   Shire of Mareeba• 1 spec.; Kuranda; 16°49′ S, 145°38′ E;  24 Nov. 1964; Brooksleg.; at light; ANIC.   MALAYSIA• 2 specs; Sarawak, W Kuching, Mt Matang;  Dec. 1913; Bryantleg.; NHMUK•  1 spec.; same data as for preceding; MKF.   PAPUA NEW GUINEA• 1 spec.; NE Madang, Gogol River;  17 Sep. 1969; Baloghleg.; HNHM•  1 spec.; Western Province, SE Kiunga;  23 Jul.–2 Aug. 1969; Baloghleg.; HNHM.    Distribution   Psammoecus crucigerhas been found in Australia( Queensland), Malaysiaand Papua New Guinea.    Remarks  Grouvelle (1908)erroneously synonymised  P. crucigerwith  P. trimaculatusMotschulsky, 1858. In his revision of Indian  Psammoecus, Pal (1985)agreed with this, treating  P. upsilon(“  P. ypsilon”) and  P. cephalotesas “probable synonyms” of  P. trimaculatus. Arrow (1927)did not adopt Grouvelle’s synonymization of  P. crucigerwith  P. trimaculatus. Instead, he regarded  P. upsilonand  P. cephalotesas junior synonyms of  P. cruciger. Examination of typematerial confirmed the synonymy according to Arrow. There are few similarities to  P. trimaculatus; the structure of the male genitalia indicates a very close relationship to  P. simonisGrouvelle, 1882. Both  P. trimaculatusand  P. simoniswere redescribed by Yoshida & Hirowatari (2014). NHMUK G. Grouv Australia Port Darwin 3 138 1 1 holotype [189,1005,852,879] 1947-08 ANIC Australia Cairns Cairns 3 138 3 Queensland [1035,1211,853,879] ANIC 3 138 4 1949-09 ANIC Australia Cairns 3 138 6 Queensland [362,1107,885,914] 1938-01-26 ANIC Brooks Australia Cairns -16.916666 1280 145.76666 3 138 1 Queensland 1965-04-18 1965-05-14 1965-04-18 ANIC Brooks Australia Cairns -16.916666 1280 145.76666 3 138 1 Queensland [879,1382,922,949] 1965-03-25 HNHM Balogh Australia Cairns 3 138 1 Queensland [188,1045,956,983] 1967-12-16 ANIC Brooks Australia Cairns Little Mulgrave National Park 3 138 1 Queensland 1992-06-11 ANIC Reid Australia Cairns -17.433332 Russell River 1279 145.9 3 138 1 Queensland 1968-08-09 HNHM Balogh & Loksa Australia Cairns -16.916666 Edge Hill 1280 145.76666 3 138 10 Queensland 1966-01-01 ANIC Hyde Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland 1966-02-02 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland [291,999,1095,1122] 1966-03-10 1966-03-13 1966-03-10 ANIC Hyde Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 6 Queensland 1966-11-14 1966-03-13 1966-03-10 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland [522,1210,1130,1157] 1966-11-15 1966-03-13 1966-03-10 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 4 Queensland 1966-11-16 1966-03-13 1966-03-10 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland [719,1217,1164,1191] 1966-11-16 1966-03-13 1966-03-10 MKF Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 2 Queensland 1966-11-19 1966-03-13 1966-03-10 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland [724,1399,1199,1226] 1966-11-28 1966-03-13 1966-03-10 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland [210,908,1234,1260] 1966-12-01 1966-12-02 1966-12-01 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland 1966-12-05 1966-12-06 1966-12-05 ANIC Brooks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland [447,1102,1268,1295] 1967-01-20 1966-12-06 1966-12-05 ANIC Hyde Australia Cassowary Coast Region Cardstone 3 138 1 Queensland 1984-11-08 1984-11-09 1984-11-08 light trap ANIC Marks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Gayundah Creek Hinchinbrook Island 3 138 4 Queensland 1984-11-15 1984-11-17 1984-11-15 light trap ANIC Marks Australia Cassowary Coast Region Gayundah Creek Hinchinbrook Island 3 138 1 Queensland rainforest at light 1966-11-06 ANIC Britton Australia Cassowary Coast Region Seymour Range Innisfail 3 138 1 Queensland beaten from flowering Eucalyptus 1992-06-09 ANIC Reid Australia Mackay Region Cattle Ck Xing Finch Hatton 3 138 4 Queensland [768,1372,1407,1434] 2007-01-03 ANIC Sandery Australia Mackay Region Bucasia 3 138 1 Queensland 1986-07-05 1986-07-10 1986-07-05 ANIC Weir & Calder Australia Shire of Cook -12.716666 Mount Tozer 1292 143.28334 Iron Range National Park 3 138 1 Queensland dead leaves edge of rainforest 1966-10-29 ANIC Britton Australia Shire of Douglas Daintree 3 138 1 Queensland [646,1133,1511,1538] dead leaves edge of rainforest 1966-10-29 MKF Britton Australia Shire of Douglas Daintree 3 138 1 Queensland 1964-11-24 ANIC Brooks Australia Shire of Mareeba -16.816668 Kuranda 1280 145.63333 3 138 1 Queensland [189,1281,1611,1637] 1913-12 NHMUK W Kuching & Bryant Malaysia Mt Matang 3 138 2 Sarawak 1913-12 MKF W Kuching & Bryant Malaysia Mt Matang 3 138 1 Sarawak [189,1378,1710,1737] 1969-09-17 HNHM Balogh Papua New Guinea Gogol River 3 138 1 Madang [189,1147,1745,1771] 1969-07-23 1969-08-02 1969-07-23 HNHM Balogh Papua New Guinea Western Province 3 138 1