A synopsis of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands Miller, James S. Adansonia 2005 3 27 1 113 127 6C6CK Baker [705,1114,1125,1150] Magnoliopsida Boraginaceae Cynoglossum Plantae Boraginales 9 122 Tracheophyta species monophlebium     J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20: 211 (1884). — Type:  Baron1871, Madagascar, Central Madagascar, fl., fr.,  Oct. 1882(lecto-,K!; iso-, P!). Perennial herb, lacking an evident rosette, from a woody taproot (apparently sometimes flowering in the first year and lacking the taproot at that stage); stems erect, with a few scattered siliceous hairs or glabrous. Leaves alternate, those at the base larger, but otherwise not morphologically different from the cauline leaves; blades oblanceolate to linear, 2.5-5(-7.5) cm long, 2.5-10 (-15) mm wide, the apex obtuse to rounded, the base clasping, the margin unevenly serrate, sometimes minutely so, or undulate, the adaxial surface moderately to sparsely strigillose, sometimes unevenly so, the hairs thin, the abaxial surface sparsely to moderately strigose, more densely so  FIG. 3. —  Cynoglossum lowryanumJ.S.Mill.: A, flowering plant; B, flower; C, nutlets. Perrier de la Bâthie 2206(P).  45°E 50°E  FIG. 4. — Distributions of the non-endemic species of  Cynoglossummapped on the bioclimatic zones of Madagascar (after CORNET 1974; see SCHATZ 2000):  C. cernuumBaker(H),  C. lanceolatumForssk. (). on the midrib, the hairs thicker than those on the adaxial surface; midrib impressed on the adaxial surface, the secondary venation obscure. Inflorescences terminal, the stems usually branched multiple times into multi-flowered cymes; flowers bisexual, borne on slender pedicels 0.5-4 mmlong; sepals ovate, 1.3-1.5 mmlong, 0.5-0.6 mmwide, acute at the apex, evenly strigillose; corolla blue, campanulate, the tube c. 1.3 mmlong, with small papillate, saccate faucal appendages, the lobes ovate to widely ovate, 1.5 mmlong, 1.5-2 mmwide; anthers borne just beneath the faucal appendages, 0.5 mmlong, nearly sessile; ovary c. 0.3 mmtall, style 0.3- 0.5 mmlong, the stigma capitate. Fruits 3-4 mmbroad; nutlets ovoid, 1.5-2 mmbroad, the margin with a glochidiate wing, the dorsal surface evenly glochidiate. This is a very distinctive species, in its perennial, non-rosette growth habit, nearly glabrous stems, distinctive leaves with odd, uneven serration, very small flowers, and uniformly glochidiate fruits.  DISTRIBUTION. —  Cynoglossum monophlebiumis restricted to south-central Madagascar( Fig. 4), where it occurs on the massif at Ankaratra and also near Ihosy, from 1400-2300 min elevation. CONSERVATION STATUS. — Provisional IUCN Red List Category: Vulnerable (VU B1ab(i-iv)).  Cynoglossum monophlebiumhas a restricted distribution within central Madagascarbut appears not to be uncommon where it does occur.   MATERIAL EXAMINED. — MADAGASCAR:  Baron360, Central Madagascar, fl., s. date ( K!);   Baron2009, Central Madagascar, fl., fr. (fasciated abnormal growth),  Oct. 1882( K!, P!);   Baron3307, Central Madagascar, fl., fr., s. date ( K!, P!);   Bosser8712, Prov. Antananarivo, Nanokely, Ankaratra, 19°33 ’S, 47°09’E, fl.,  Nov. 1955( MO!, P!, TAN);   Bosser8816, Prov. Antananarivo, Ambohimandroso, près d’Ambatolampy, cultures et jachères sur alluvions récentes de l’Onive,  1500 m, 19°32’S, 47°26’E, fl., fr.,  Dec. 1955( P!, TAN);   Croat29069, Prov. Antananarivo, massif l’Ankaratra, station forestière Manjakatompo, near Sommet Nosiarivo,  1950 m, 19°20’S, 47°15’E, fl., fr.,  22 Jan. 1975( MO!, P!);   Croat29089, Prov. Antananarivo, vicinity of station forestière Antsampandrano,  1750 m, 19°36’S, 47°03’E, fl., fr.,  23 Jan. 1975( MO!, P!);   Decary15053, Prov. Fianarantsoa, Ihosy, 22°24’S, 46°08’E, fl.,  9 Oct. 1939( MO!, P!);   Jacquemin H243 J, Prov. Antananarivo, sur rocher en trachyte de l’Ambohimirandrana, station forestière de l’Ankaratra, 19°20’S, 47°27’E, fl.,  27 Feb. 1966( P!);   Le Myre de Vilerss.n., s. loc., fl., s. date ( P!);   Peltier& Peltier1835, Prov. Antananarivo, Manjakatompo, Sommet Anosiarivo, 19°22 ’S, 47°18’E, fl.,  3 Feb. 1960( P!);   Perrier de la Bâthie9089, Prov. Antananarivo, alluvions de l’Onibeà Tsinjoarivo,  1400 m, 19°38’S, 47°42’E, fl., fr.,  Sep. 1911( P!);   Perrier de la Bâthie18312, Prov. Antananarivo, Antsirabe, 19°51’S, 47°02’E, fl.,  Oct. 1927( P!);   Schlieben8150, Prov. Antananarivo, Antsirabe,  1500 m, 19°51’S, 47°02’E, fl.,  13 Dec. 1959( BM!, K!);   Viguier& Humbert 1708, Prov. Antananarivo, flanc Wde l’Ankaratra, entre Ambatofotsyet le Tsiafajavona,  2000-2300 m, 19°21’S, 47°15’E, fl.,  27 Nov. 1912( P!).  FIG. 5. —  Cynoglossum tsaratananenseJ.S.Mill.: A, flowering plant; B, upper portion of inflorescence; C, flower; D, nutlets. Perrier de la Bâthie 16465(MO).  6.  Cynoglossum tsaratananenseJ.S. Mill.,  sp. nov.  Haec species inter congeneros madagascarienses quoad nuculas dorsaliter glabras 4-5 mmlatas atque fructum in diam. 7-10 mmad Cynoglossum birkinshawii maxime accedit, sed ab eo foliorum basalium laminis anguste ellipticis usque lanceolatis 11-17(-20) cm longis apice acutis usque leviter acuminatis atque petiolis 10-20 cmlongis distinguitur.  TYPUS. —   Perrier de la Bâthie16465, Madagascar, Prov. Antsiranana, massif de Tsaratanana, près des eaux,  2600 m, 13°57’S, 48°52’E, fl., fr.,  Apr. 1929(holo-, P!; iso-, MO!, P!). Perennial herb from a woody taproot 3-5 mmin diam.; stems erect to 55 cm, with scattered, thin, appressed to erect hairs; basal leaves clustered in a loose rosette of 5-10, blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 11-17(-20) cm long, 2.5- 5.5 cmwide, the apex acute to slightly acuminate, the base cuneate to attenuate, the margin entire, the adaxial surface with scattered appressed hairs, the abaxial surface with short, appressed hairs or nearly glabrous, but evenly strigose on the midrib; venation brochidodromous, the midrib impressed on the adaxial surface; secondary and tertiary veins visible on the abaxial surface; petioles 10-20 cmlong, canaliculate on the adaxial surface, glabrous or with scattered hairs; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, blades lanceolate to ovate, 3.5-8 cmlong, 1-2.5 cmwide, the apex acute to obtuse, the base obtuse to clasping, the margin entire. Inflorescences terminal, the stems usually branched multiple times into multi-flowered cymes; flowers bisexual, borne on pedicels 2- 6 mmlong; sepals ovate, 2-2.5 mmlong, 1- 1.3 mmwide, acute to obtuse at the apex, sparsely to moderately strigillose; corolla blue, campanulate, the tube 2-2.5 mmlong, with 5 saccate granular faucal appendages, the lobes widely depressed ovate, 1.5-2 mmlong; anthers borne just beneath the faucal appen- dages, c. 1 mmlong, sessile or nearly so; ovary less than 1 mmtall, style c. 1 mmlong, stigma capitate. Fruits 7-10 mmbroad; nutlets ovoid, 4-5 mmbroad, margin with an entire wing, the dorsal surface glabrous, glochidia completely absent. — Fig. 5.   DISTRIBUTION. —  Cynoglossum tsaratananenseis known only from the typecollection made at  2600 mon Tsaratananain north-central Madagascar( Fig. 4). CONSERVATION STATUS. — Provisional IUCN Red List Category: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(i-iv) + 2ab(i-iv)).  Cynoglossum tsaratananensehas been collected only once, and not since 1929, and it is questionable whether this species still survives, although its single known locality is within a protected area. 1882-10 J Madagascar Baron Central 9 122 1 K Madagascar Central Madagascar Baron 11 124 1 1882-10 K, P Madagascar Central Madagascar Baron 11 124 1 K, P Madagascar Central Madagascar Baron 11 124 1 1955-11 MO, P, TAN Madagascar Bosser -19.55 Nanokely 1271 47.15 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1955-12 P, TAN Madagascar Bosser 1500 -19.533333 Ambohimandroso 1271 47.433334 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1975-01-22 MO, P Madagascar Croat 1950 -19.333334 l'Ankaratra 1272 47.25 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1975-01-23 MO, P Madagascar Croat 1750 -19.6 Antsampandrano 1271 47.05 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1939-10-09 MO, P Madagascar Decary -22.4 Ihosy 1260 46.133335 Prov. 11 124 1 Fianarantsoa 1966-02-27 J, P Prov. & de l'Ambohimirandrana Madagascar -19.333334 l'Ankaratra 1272 47.45 Jacquemin 11 124 H243 1 Antananarivo P Madagascar Le Myre de Vilers 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1960-02-03 P Peltier Madagascar Prov. -19.366667 Sommet Anosiarivo 1272 47.3 Manjakatompo 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1911-09 P Madagascar Perrier de la Bathie 1400 -19.633333 l'Onibe 1271 47.7 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1927-10 P Madagascar Perrier de la Bathie -19.85 Antsirabe 1270 47.033333 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1959-12-13 BM, K Madagascar Schlieben 1500 -19.85 Antsirabe 1270 47.033333 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1912-11-27 W, P Ambatofotsy & le Tsiafajavona Madagascar Viguier 2150 13 126 -19.35 l'Ankaratra 1272 47.25 Prov. 11 124 1 Antananarivo 1929-04 P, MO Perrier de la Bathie & de Tsaratanana Madagascar 2600 -13.95 Antsiranana 1289 48.866665 13 126 1 Antsiranana holotype Madagascar 2600 Tsaratanana 13 126 1