Bromus japonicus Thunb. Murray (1784: 119) Fiori (1923: 149) Serrafalcus japonicus (Thunb.) Wilmott Babington & Wilmott (1922: 510) A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America Saarela, Jeffery M. Peterson, Paul M. Valdés-Reyna, Jesus Phytotaxa 2014 2014-11-14 185 1 1 147 ND3V Houttuyn (1772: 315) Houttuyn 315 1772 [192,648,1842,1867] Liliopsida Poaceae Bromus Plantae Poales 97 98 Tracheophyta species japonicus     Bromus japonicusThunb.in  Murray (1784: 119), nom. illeg.  Bromus arvensisvar. japonicus(Thunb. in Murr.)  Fiori (1923: 149).  Serrafalcus japonicus(Thunb.) Wilmottin  Babington & Wilmott (1922: 510). Type:— JAPAN. Thunberg s.n.( holotypeUPS).  Plants annual. Culms 17–85 cmtall, 1–2.2 mmwide at base, erect or ascending, glabrous below inflorences; nodes 3–4. Leaf sheaths densely pilose, hairs up to 1.2 mmlong; auricles absent; ligules 1–2.2 mmlong, glabrous, apex erose; blades 3.5–13 cm× 1–6 mm, flat, adaxial and abaxial surfaces densely pubescent with short, stiff hairs up to 0.6 mmlong, margins smooth or serrulate. Panicles 3–26 cm× 6–16 cm, open, nodding, branches spreading to ascending, usually longer than spikelets, glabrous or scabrous, 1–6 spikelets per branch. Spikelets 1.8–4 cmlong, 7–15-flowered, broadly oblong to ovate-lanceolate, terete to moderately laterally compressed, rachillas sometimes visible at maturity; glumes glabrous, margins sometimes hyaline, midnerves glabrous proximally, scabrous distally, apices obtuse; lower glumes 4–7 mmlong, oblong to ovate, 3–5(–7)-nerved; upper glumes 5–8 mmlong, ovate to elliptic, 7–9-nerved; lemmas 7–9.2 mm× 1.2–2.2 mm, ovate to elliptic, rounded over the backs, apices obtuse to truncate, often minutely bifid, the cleft to 1 mmdeep, 7–9-nerved, nerves not conspicuous, backs glabrous or scabridulous, scabrules ca. 0.1 mmlong, hyaline margins 0–0.5 mmwidest point; awns 4.2–13 mmlong, awn on lowest lemma usually shorter, arising 1.5–2.6 mmbelow lemma apex, straight to strongly divergent, widest at base; paleas 6–7 mmlong, backs glabrous, keels ciliate, cilia 0.3–0.5 mmlong; anthers 0.6–1.1 mmlong; caryopses 5−6 mmlong, terete in cross section to somewhat flattened. 2 n= 14 ( Venter & Spies 2008).   Distribution:—Introduced. In México  B. japonicusis known from a few collections from Chihuahua, Coahuila and Jalisco ( Fig. 49). Beetle (1987)noted that  B. japonicushas been collected in Jalisco, but is not established there. McVaugh (1983)noted that  B. japonicusis present in abandoned experimental plots south of Ocotlán, Jalisco; a specimen from this area is cited below. The Chihuahua collections were made from cultivated plants. The current status of the species in México is unknown.  Bromus japonicusis native to Europe. In North America,  B. japonicusis distributed widely throughout the U.S.A.and in southern Canada( Pavlick & Anderton 2007).   Ecology:—  Bromus japonicusis found in disturbed sites in pastures and near cultivated fields. Elevation: 1500−2460 m.   Common Names:—Japanese chess, Japanese bromegrass, Japanese brome, spreading brome (English).    Specimens Examined:― MÉXICO. Chihuahua: Rancho Exp. La Campana, Chihuahua, Jardínde observacion (cultivated),  1540 m,  14 May 1977, M.S .   González-Elizondo838( SD-126969); Rancho Experimental La Campana-Chihuahua, [ 28.63°N, 106.08°W],  1540 m,  5 August 1977, M.S .  GonzálezE.  s.n.( ANSM); Rancho Experimental La Campana, 82 kms al norte de la Cd. de Chihuahua,  1500 m,  26 August 1978, s.c.( MEXU-243518).   Coahuila: Mpio. Arteaga, ejido La Escondida, Bosqueaciculiesclerofilo,  2460 m,  21 Junio 1994, P .   Moya447( MEXU-1089017, MEXU-1089018).   Jalisco:ca. 3 kmal Sde Ocotlánpor la carretera a La Barca, parcela experimental abandonada, 20.2889°N, 102.8389°W,  21 May 1978, R .   Guzmán Mejía792( MEXU-250562, as  B. squarrosusL.). 5995537670 1977-05-14 M, S Chihuahua & Jardin Mexico 1540 Rancho Exp. La Campana 100 101 1 Chihuahua 5995536916 1977-08-05 M, S Gonzalez-Elizondo Mexico 1540 28.63 Rancho Experimental La Campana-Chihuahua 738 -106.08 100 101 SD-126969 1 Chihuahua 5995535625 [1043,1176,1006,1031] E Gonzalez Mexico 100 101 1 Chihuahua 5995536299 1978-08-26 ANSM de la Cd. de Chihuahua Mexico 1500 Rancho Experimental La Campana 100 101 MEXU- 243518 1 Chihuahua 5995538068 [263,1436,1078,1103] 1994-06-21 P Mpio. Arteaga & La Escondida & Bosque Mexico 2460 Coahuila 100 101 1 Coahuila de Zaragoza 5995537931 [151,705,1114,1139] MEXU Mexico Moya 100 101 MEXU-1089017, MEXU-1089018 1 Coahuila de Zaragoza 5995536923 1978-05-21 S, R La Barca Mexico 20.2889 S de Ocotlan 7 -102.8389 100 101 1 Jalisco 5995535538 L Guzman Mejia Mexico 100 101 MEXU-250562 1 Jalisco