Parodon buckleyi Boulenger, 1887: 279 Böhlke, 1958: 83 P. suborbitalis Géry, 1977: 202 Taxonomic review of Colombian Parodon (Characiformes: Parodontidae), with descriptions of three new species Londoño-Burbano, Alejandro Román-Valencia, César Taphorn, Donald C. Neotropical Ichthyology 2011 2011-12-31 9 4 709 730 4DQYM Boulenger, 1887 Boulenger 1887 [944,1332,464,489] Actinopterygii Parodontidae Parodon Animalia Characiformes 8 717 Chordata species buckleyi    Figs. 5-6      Parodon buckleyi Boulenger, 1887: 279(type locality Canelos, Ecuador, 1°35’N 77°44’W, elevation 456 masl; original description; meristic data tables, Holotype: BMNH 1880.12.5.125).  Böhlke, 1958: 83(description; synonymy with  P. suborbitalis; tables with counts and measurements; lateral view photo).  Géry, 1977: 202(diagnosis in key). Ortega & Vari, 1986: 11 (distribution in Peru). Pavanelli, 2003: 48 (distribution; localization of type material; maximum size, common names).   Diagnosis.  Parodon buckleyidiffers from all congeners in having (in adults) 3-4 dark lateral spots anterior to dorsal fin origin that unite across dorsum with spots from opposite side ( vs. spots not dorsally united), juveniles have rounded or elongated dark lateral blotches, that are divided in two, not continuous ( vs. dark spots of juveniles elongate and always continuous, except in  P. nasus); by the greater number of cusps on the premaxillary teeth (16-22 vs. fewer than 17, except in  P. apolinariand  P. suborbitalisthat have 14-26 and 15-17, respectively); higher pored lateral-line scales (39-40 vs. 38 or fewer, except in  P. caliensiswith 39-40); more post-anal scales (4-5 vs. 4 or fewer); longer axillary scale (three scales in length vs. 1-2).  Parodon buckleyican be distinguished by its greater caudal peduncle depth (10.7- 13.9% vs. 13.3- 16.3 % in  P.alfonsoiand 12.2 -16.1% in  P. magdalenensis); by the number of cusps in premaxillary teeth (16-22 vs. 7-12 in  P. bifasciatus; 9-12 in  P. pongoensis). It differs from  P. guyanensisby the number of teeth on the premaxilla (4 vs.5); from  P. pongoensisand  P. moreiraiby the presence of a lateral band with projections above and below ( vs.absence of projections in such band); from  P. moreiraiby the number of scales in the lateral line (39- 40 vs.40-42); and normal sized teeth in the maxilla ( vs.minute or absence of teeth). It can be distinguished from  P. carrikeriby the number of scales in the lateral line (39-40 vs.38-39), and the dark coloration along the body including most of the head ( vs.ground and general color of body, light not dark in  P. buckleyi); and from  P. hilariiby the high number of scales on the lateral line (39-40 vs.37-39) and the higher number of cusps in premaxillary teeth (16-22 vs.11- 16; 13-15 in  P.nasus).   Description.Morphometric and meristic data given in Tables 3and 4, respectively. Body stout. Dorsal head profile straight from snout to tip of supraoccipital process. Ventral head profile straight from snout to isthmus. Isthmus located at vertical 718 Taxonomic review of Colombian  Parodonthrough tip of supraoccipital process. Dorsal trunk profile convex from tip of supraoccipital process to dorsal-fin origin, straight from there to caudal fin. Branchial membranes united to each other, free from isthmus. Eyes lateral; nares at level of eye, separated by projecting membrane of skin. Mouth ventral, upper lip absent. Ventral body profile straight from isthmus to caudal fin. Caudal peduncle compressed.   Fig. 5.  Parodon buckleyi, IUQ977, 131.2 mm SL, Colombia, Inchiyaco River above Villa Garzón-San José del Fragua road, Caquetá. Premaxillary hemiseries with four teeth in straight line that have straight ventral margins and 16-22 small cusps that fit into space in lower jaw. Maxillary with 1-2 teeth. Lower jaw with three unicuspid, outwardly curved lateral teeth half covered with soft tissue and not visible when jaw closed. Pectoral fin short, not reaching pelvic-fin insertions. Pectoral insertions at vertical through one scale posterior to tip of supraoccipital process, truncate in shape, with fourth branched ray longest. Pelvic fin not reaching anal-fin origin, and only in individuals less than 95 mmSL reaching genital pore, but not surpassing it. Pelvic fin located at vertical through middle of dorsal-fin base. Dorsal fin truncate located at vertical through midpoint between pectoral and pelvic fin insertions; first and second branched rays longest.Anal fin falls two scales short of lower caudal-fin lobe. Anal fin located at vertical through point three scales anterior to adipose fin. Adipose fin not reaching caudal fin, located at vertical through posterior margin of anal-fin base; caudal fin with upper lobe longer than lower. Proximal third of caudal fin covered with scales. Lateral line with 39-40 pored scales that extend on to scaled portion of caudal fin. Scales regularly distributed in predorsal and ventral areas. Axillary scale present, three normal scales in length.  Color in alcohol.Body and head dark brown dorsally, lighter in color below horizontal line that passes below nares and eye. Dorsum with series of 8-10 brown transverse bands that begin near tip of supraoccipital process or two scales posterior to it, and continue to upper caudal-fin lobe, bands three scale widths long and one scale wide, and delimited by two dorsal longitudinal stripes of one half scale in width that originate at tip of supraoccipital process and continue posteriorly to unite with band of opposite side at upper caudal-fin lobe.   Fig. 6.Dorsal view of  Parodon buckleyi, AMNH233262, 66.3 mm SL, showing diagnostic pigmentation pattern of predorsal region. Base color of body dark brown, darker than that of congeners, especially in adults (except  P. carrikeriand  P. magdalenensis). Lateral stripe with 14 dorsal and ventral projections forming zigzag, but projections only easily visible in smaller specimens less than 85 mmSL, in which projections rounded or elongated but divided in two not complete as observed in other species with projections from lateral stripe. Above this stripe dorsal projections of anterior portion (to just before dorsal-fin origin) unite with dark bands of dorsum, forming continuous band from one side to other (in specimens greater than 66.3 mmSL) ( Fig. 6). Lateral band extending to tips of middle caudal-fin rays. Distal most part of pectoral fins with few, disperse chromatophores (black in one specimen 81.6 mmSL). Pelvic, anal and adipose fin hyaline. Dorsal fin with first five rays dark, diffuse black, but not forming distinct spot or band. Caudal fin with middle rays dark brown to tips; no disperse chromatophores present on rest of fin. Ventral part of body of same base color but lighter than rest of body, no spots.  Sexual dimorphism.Breeding tubercles observed in males from lower part of snout to tip of supraoccipital process, easily visible and numerous.   Distribution.Middle Amazonas, CaquetáRiver drainage in Colombia; upperAmazonas in Ecuador, Peruand Bolivia( Fig.2).   Comments. Fowler’s (1945a)records of  P. suborbitalisfrom the Morelia River (which is part of the CaquetáRiver system), for which he gave the following counts: “Scales 32 to 35 + 3 inlateral line; 13 or 14 predorsal”, are  P. buckleyi.  Böhlke (1958)used the number of cusps on premaxillary teeth to identify  P. buckleyiwhich coincides with the original description by Boulenger (1887)but stated that it might not be distinct from  P. suborbitalisValenciennesof the Maracaibo basin. But we have found ample differences in color pattern and meristics (see above). According to Pavanelli (2003) this species is present in Ecuador, Peru, Braziland Boliviain upper Amazon tributaries. Specimens examined from upper Amazon tributaries of Boliviaand Perucoincide with ours from the CaquetáRiver in Colombia(middle Amazon basin). We thus report  P. buckleyias a new record for Colombiaand note its presence in upper and middle Amazon tributaries from Colombiathrough Bolivia.   Material examined.   Ecuador. BMNH 1880.12.8.125, 1, holotype, 111.4 mmSL, upper Amazon, río Canelos, east Ecuador, 1°35’N 77°44’W, elevation 456 masl.   Colombia. IUQ 1055, 1, 81.6 mmSL, Caquetá, río Fragua.  ICN 5481, 2, 80.4-97.4 mmSL, Caquetá, Rumiyaco creek, río Inchiyacodrainage, upper Caquetá.  IUQ 977, 2, 108.9- 131.2 mmSL, Caquetá, río Inchiyaco, Villa Garzón-San José del Fraguaroad.   Perú. ZMUC 24991, 1, 94.9 mmSL, upperAmazon, Las Pavas creek.   Bolivia. AMNH 233262, 1, 66.3 mmSL, Santa Cruz, Ichilo Province, Amboro National Park, río La Chonta, La Chontacamp, 17°39’52”S, 63°42’28”W.  AMNH 233263, 1, 66.9 mmSL, Santa Cruz, Ichilo Province, Amboro National Park, río La Chonta, La Chontacamp, 17°39’52”S, 64°42’28”W.  AMNH 233303, 1, 99.8 mmSL, Santa Cruz, Ichilo Province, Amboro National Park, río Macunucu, Macunucucamp, 17°44’72”S, 63°36’47”W.  UF 38169, 2, 62.0- 66.2 mmSL, Cochabamba, Chapare Province, río Espíritu( río Chapare-Mamoré), brook at Villa Tunari, elevation 350 masl.  UMMZ 66507, 8, 53.8-87.6 mmSL, La Paz, Tumupasa(village  30 mi NWof Rurrenabaque); Amazondrainage. BMNH Ecuador upper Amazon 456 1.5833333 east Ecuador 1308 -77.73333 rio Canelos 10 719 BMNH 1880.12 1 holotype IUQ Colombia rio Fragua 10 719 IUQ 1055, 1 1 Caqueta holotype ICN Colombia rio Inchiyaco Rumiyaco creek 10 719 ICN 5481, 2 1 Caqueta holotype IUQ Colombia Villa Garzon-San Jose del Fragua rio Inchiyaco 10 719 IUQ 977, 2, 108.9 1 Caqueta holotype ZMUC Peru Las Pavas creek 10 719 ZMUC 24991, 1 1 holotype AMNH La Chonta Bolivia Ichilo Province -17.664444 rio La Chonta 21 -63.70778 Amboro National Park 10 719 AMNH 233262, 1 1 Santa Cruz holotype AMNH La Chonta Bolivia Ichilo Province -17.664444 rio La Chonta 21 -64.70777 Amboro National Park 10 719 AMNH 233263, 1 1 Santa Cruz holotype AMNH Macunucu Bolivia Ichilo Province rio Macunucu -63.613052 Amboro National Park 10 719 AMNH 233303, 1 1 Santa Cruz holotype UF Villa Tunari Bolivia Chapare Province 350 rio Chapare-Mamore rio Espiritu 10 719 UF 38169, 2 1 Cochabamba holotype NW Tumupasa & Amazon Bolivia 30 mi NW of Rurrenabaque 10 719 UMMZ 66507, 8 1 La Paz holotype