Ivanov & Hassan, 1976 : 1300 Trachysalambria starobogatovi De Grave & Fransen, 2011 : 228 On the genus Trachysalambria Burkenroad, 1934 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae), with descriptions of three new species Chan, Tin-Yam Cleva, Régis Chu, Ka Hou Zootaxa 2016 4150 3 201 254 bf0a6dde-2968-4449-ac2d-4eb431a60cad Ivanov & Hassan, 1976 Ivanov & Hassan 1976 [151,842,573,599] Malacostraca Penaeidae Trachysalambria Animalia Decapoda 42 243 Arthropoda species starobogatovi     Trachypenaeus starobogatovi  Ivanov & Hassan, 1976: 1300, figs. 2, 3a [type-locality: Mozambique].  Trachysalambria starobogatovi.—  De Grave & Fransen, 2011: 228.    Material examined. Mozambique.“  Van Gogh”, stn 401, 19°03’S, 36°29’ E,  25 m,  27.05.1966, male holotypecl 14.2 mm(ZIN-1/62559).    South Africa. Natal, FISKOR Prawn Survey: stn K234, off Tugela River,  25–38 m, 0 7.07.1964, 1 femalecl 18.7 mm(SAM-A 16313); stn K265, 0 3.08.1964, 2 malescl 10.5 and 11.3 mm(SAM-A 16311); stn K388,  Santa LuciaBay,  18 m, 0 9.02.1965, 9 malescl 10.4–14.4 mm, 12 femalescl 11.0– 23.2 mm(SAM-A 16314); stn K468,  Santa LuciaBay,  31 m,  14.06.1965, 2 malescl 11.5 and 12.0 mm (SAM-A 16312); stn K470, 14.06.1065, 1 malecl 11.5 mm(SAM-A 13235).  Tugela Rivermouth, 29°22.36’S, 31°49.92’ E,  20 m,  28.05.2006, 1 femalecl 16.0 mm ( MNHN  IU-2014-6967), 1 femalecl 17.5 mm( MNHN  IU-2014-6966).     Madagascar. CREVETTIERE 1973, stn CH 72, 25°09’S, 47°14.2’E,  80–85 m, 0 3.03.1973, 1 femalecl 23.0 mm ( MNHN  IU-2014-6964).  Antongil Bay, 15°38.8’S, 49°42.4’E,  20 m, 0 2.04.1973, 1 femalecl 16.5 mm( MNHN  IU-2014-6965). ATIMO VATAE: stn CP 3548, 25°17.0’S, 46°34.1’ E, 63–66 m, 0 4.05.2010, 1 female cl 24.7 mm(MNHN IU-2014-12063), 1 female cl 17.2 mm(MNHN IU-2014-12064); stn CP 3549, 25°16.9’S, 46°31.3’ E, 53–54 m, 0 4.05.2010, 1 male cl 10.7 mm, 2 females cl 14.3 and 15.5 mm(MNHN IU- 2010-2761), 1 female cl 24.7 mm(MNHN IU-2014-12065); stn TP 19, 25°04.4’S, 46°55.3’ E, 19–26 m, 12.05.2010, 1 male cl 14.4 mm(MNHN IU-2014-8774).  Description.Entire body densely pubescent. Rostrum with 7–10 (usually 8, excluding epigastric tooth) teeth along dorsal border; distinctly curved upwards and with tip slightly recurved downwards in females, ventral border markedly convex but ventral margin of tip concave, tips of rostral teeth aligned in a concave configuration; in males rostrum rather horizontal straight and tip slightly recurved downwards, ventral border convex but ventral margin of tip concave, tips of rostral teeth more or less aligned in a straight line; extending to about tip of second segment of antennular peduncle; postrostral carina low and extending to about middle of carapace. Pereiopods I to III with well-developed epipods. Pereiopod I generally bearing small ischial spine. Pereiopod IV in females with coxa not medially expanded. Pereiopod V reaching middle to nearly tip of scaphocerite. Abdomen with low dorsal carinae on somites II to VI; that on somite II short but obvious; dorsal carina only present on posterior 2/3 of somite III; carinae on somites IV and V posteriorly incised, not terminating in spines. Telson with dorsolateral carinae heavily ridged but blunt, bearing 3 pairs of movable lateral spines. Male petasma with lateral margins of stem distinctly converging distally; distolateral lobes with ventral margins more or less straight, tips of dorsal and ventral flaps coinciding, forming sharp angle. Female thelycum with anterior plate semi-triangular, generally sunken or flattened; anterior margin of posterior plate distinctly concave, with median cleft.  Coloration.Body generally pinkish brown all over. Eyes blackish brown. Antennular flagella pinkish brown and antennal flagella whitish. Pereiopods pale pink to pale white, with some yellowish patches. Pleopods orangish brown. Uropods reddish brown except basal 1/4 pinkish brown, outer and distal margins of exopods and inner and distal margins of endopod whitish.   Distribution.Southwestern Indian Ocean. Known with certainty from Mozambique, Madagascarand eastern coast of South Africa; at depths of 18– 85 m.   Remarks.  Trachysalambria starobogatoviis very poorly known and often overlooked in literature (e.g., Pèrez Farfante & Kensley 1999). Sakaji & Hayashi (2003)followed the original description of  T. starobogatoviby Ivanov & Hassan (1976)in treating this species as having epipods only on pereiopods I and III. Re-examination of the holotypeof  T. starobogatovireveals that there are actually epipods on the anterior three pereiopods in this species ( Fig. 18) and therefore it belongs to the “  Trachysalambria curvirostris” group. The shape of the genitalia and the posterior incisions of the abdominal dorsal carinae used by Ivanov & Hassan (1976)to separate  T. starobogatovifrom  T. curvirostrisare not useful. The petasma and thelycum of  T. starobogatoviare both of the general shape of the genus ( Fig. 17F–J). The posterior incisions on the dorsal carinae of the abdominal somites IV and V in  T. starobogatoviare actually not different from congeners that lack posterior spines on these two somites ( Fig. 17C, D). Nevertheless,  T. starobogatoviis unique in the genus by having a short postrostral carina and weak abdominal dorsal carinae ( Fig. 17D), as well as the tip of rostrum recurved downwards ( Fig. 17A, B). The short postrostral carina and weak abdominal dorsal carinae of  T. starobogatovialigns it with  T. albicoma.The latter species, however, has the rostrum more horizontal and with the tip not recurved downwards in both sexes ( Fig. 16A, B). In  T. albicomathe carinae on the abdomen and telson are even weaker ( Fig. 16C, H) and with the dorsal carina on the abdominal somite II often indistinct. Moreover, the abdomen is nearly naked in  T. albicomabut pubescent in  T. starobogatovi. Other than with large genetic divergence (>7% in 12S and 16S rRNA genes, Tables 2, 3), the coloration of these two species is also different. Although both species have white antennal flagella and white margined uropods, the body of  T. starobogatoviis generally pinkish including the rostrum ( Fig. 20F), while  T. albicomais generally greyish with the tip of rostrum pale white ( Fig. 20E).   FIGURE 20.A,  Trachysalambria aspera(Alcock, 1905), Donggang fishing port, Pingtung County, Taiwan, male cl 18.2 mm (MNHN IU-2014-6971); B,  T. aspera, Madagascar, ATIMO VATAE, stn CP 3570, male cl 17.0 mm (MNHN IU-2014-8772); C,  T. curvirostris(Stimpson, 1860), Magong fishing port, Penghu County, Taiwan, female cl 23.3 mm (NTOU M02020); D,  T. curvirostris, Dasifishing port, Yilan County, Taiwan, female cl 25.9 mm (NTOU M01952); E,  T. albicoma(Hayashi & Toriyama, 1980), Donggang fishing port, Pingtung County, Taiwan, female cl 18.2 mm (NTOU M02008); F,  T. starobogatovi(Ivanov & Hassan, 1976), ATIMO VATAE, stn TP 19, male cl 14.4 mm (MNHN IU-2014-8774).   Trachysalambria crosnieri  sp. nov.    Trachysalambria brevisuturae   Rimapenaeus similis 1.0  Trachysalambria malaiana(Indonesia) 1.0 1.0  Trachysalambria malaiana(Philippines) 0.99  Megokris pescadoreenis   Trachypenaeus anchoralis 1.0 1.0  Trachysalambria palaestinensis(Israel 1)   Trachysalambria palaestinensis(Israel 2) 0.90  Trachysalambria starobogatovi(Madagascar 1) 1.0  Trachysalambria starobogatovi(Madagascar 2)   Trachysalambria starobogatovi(Madagascar 3)   Trachysalambria starobogatovi(South Africa) 1.0  Trachysalambria aspera(Madagascar 1)   Trachysalambria aspera(Seychelles)   Trachysalambria aspera(Indonesia) 1.0  Trachysalambria aspera(Taiwan 1) 1.0 0.98  Trachysalambria aspera(New Caledonia)   Trachysalambria aspera(Taiwan 2)   Trachysalambria aspera(Philippines)   Trachysalambria aspera(Madagascar 2)   Trachysalambria aspera(Madagascar 3) 0.98 0.73  Trachysalambria parvispina  sp. nov.(Indonesia) 1.0  Trachysalambria parvispina  sp. nov.(Seychelles)   Trachysalambria parvispina  sp. nov.(Fiji) 1.0  Trachysalambria dentata  sp. nov.(Philippines 1) 0.91  Trachysalambria dentata  sp. nov.(Philippines 3) 1.0 0.97  Trachysalambria dentata  sp. nov.(Philippines 2)   Trachysalambria dentata  sp. nov.(Taiwan) 0.97  Trachysalambria nanesi(Taiwan 2) 0.57  Trachysalambria nanesi(Taiwan 1) 1.0  Trachysalambria nanesi(Philippines)   Trachysalambria nanesi(Japan) 0.98  Trachysalambria nanesi(Australia) 0.99 1.0  Trachysalambria longipes(Seychelles)   Trachysalambria longipes(Fiji)   Trachysalambria curvirostris(Taiwan 1)   Trachysalambria curvirostris(Taiwan 2, pink) 0.55  Trachysalambria curvirostris(Taiwan 3, grey) 0.99  Trachysalambria curvirostris(Taiwan 5, grey)   Trachysalambria curvirostris(Taiwan 6) 1.0  Trachysalambria curvirostris(Taiwan 4, pink) 1.0  Trachysalambria curvirostris(Japan) 1.0  Trachysalambria albicoma(Japan)   Trachysalambria albicoma(Taiwan)  Metapenaeus ensis 0.06   FIGURE 21.Bayesian tree constructed using Mr. Bayes v.3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2011) based on combined 1034-bp mitochondrial 12S (567 bp) and 16S (467 bp) rRNA genes of  Trachysalambriaspecies and outgroups. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probability from Bayesian inference. PCR protocol followed that of Tsang et al.(2014).   TABLE 2.Uncorrecteđ pairwise genetic đistance (p-đistance) baseđ on the mitochonđrial 12S rRNA gene (567 bp) in  Trachysalambriaspecies anđ outgroups. Numbers in parentheses refers to number of inđiviđuals sequenceđ. T. alb:  Trachysalambria albicoma, T. asp:  T. aspera, T. bre:  T. brevisuturae, T. cro:  T. crosnieri  sp. nov., T. cur:  T. curvirostris, T. đen:  T. dentata  sp. nov., T. lon:  T. longipes, T. mal:   malaiana, T. nan:  T. nanesi, T. pal:  T. palaestinensis, T. par:  T. parvispina  sp. nov., T. sta:  T. starobogatovi, Meg:  Megokris pescadoreenis, Met:  Metapenaeus ensis, Rem:  Remipenaeus similis, Tra:  Trachypenaeus anchoralis. T. alb (2) T. asp (9) T. bre T. cro T. cur (7) T. đen (4) T. lon (2) T. mal (2) T. nan (5) T. pal (2) T. par (3) T. sta (4) Meg Met Rem alb (2) 0.0 0 8 asp (9) 0.126-0.136 0.000-0.020 bre 0.161-0.165 0.165-0.169 Nil cro 0.211-0.217 0.226-0.228 0.220 Nil cur (7) 0.065-0.087 0.112-0.128 0.146-0.152 0.211-0.213 0.000-0.016 đen (4) 0.112-0.118 0.085-0.098 0.159-0.161 0.226-0.234 0.091-0.104 0.000-0.010 lon (2) 0.122-0.130 0.102-0.114 0.150-0.152 0.226-0.230 0.116-0.120 0.100-0.104 0.006 mal (2) 0.110-0.120 0.122-0.130 0.144-0.146 0.217 0.110-0.114 0.116-0.124 0.128-0.132 0.002 nan (5) 0.112-0.118 0.089-0.102 0.148-0.161 0.234-0.236 0.110-0.118 0.071-0.077 0.098-0.112 0.120-0.128 0.000-0.026 pal (2) 0.120 0.132-0.136 0.179 0.244 0.126-0.128 0.112-0.118 0.140-0.142 0.122-0.124 0.126-0.130 0.000 par (3) 0.132-0.138 0.110-0.114 0.152 0.244-0.246 0.114-0.120 0.041-0.045 0.106-0.110 0.124-0.128 0.075-0.089 0.132-0.134 0.000-0.002 sta (4) 0.100-0.108 0.132-0.136 0.169-0.171 0.246-0.248 0.102-0.112 0.112-0.114 0.132-0.138 0.140-0.144 0.122-0.128 0.124 0.134-0.136 0.000-0.004 0.116-0.120 0.124-0.130 0.142 0.215 0.116-0.118 0.112-0.120 0.128-0.130 0.049-0.051 0.124-0.128 0.136 0.134-0.136 0.136-0.138 Nil 0.173-0.175 0.157-0.161 0.175 0.167 0.159 0.159-0.165 0.161-0.165 0.169 0.165-0.167 0.187 0.177 0.197-0.199 0.173 Nil 0.128-0.132 0.140-0.148 0.148 0.203 0.122 0.134-0.142 0.128-0.130 0.104 0.152-0.157 0.136 0.150-0.152 0.150 0.108 0.167 Nil 0.124-0.132 0.126-0.132 0.154 0.222 0.120-0.122 0.124-0.132 0.136-0.142 0.051-0.053 0.136-0.142 0.136 0.144-0.146 0.146-0.148 0.039 0.171 0.120 TABLE ³.Uncorrecteđ pairwise genetic đistance (p-đistance) baseđ on the mitochonđrial 16S rRNA gene (467 bp) in  Trachysalambriaspecies anđ outgroups. Numbers in parentheses refers to number inđiviđuals sequenceđ. T. alb:  Trachysalambria albicoma, T. asp:  T. aspera, T. bre:  T. brevisuturae, T. cro:  T. crosnieri  sp. nov., T. cur:  T. curvirostris, T. đen:  T. dentata  sp. nov., T. lon:  T. longipes, T.:  T. malaiana, T. nan:  T. nanesi, T. pal:  T. palaestinensis, T. par:  T. parvispina  sp. nov., T. sta:  T. starobogatovi, Meg:  Megokris pescadoreenis, Met:  Metapenaeus ensis, Rem:  Remipenaeus similis,:  Trachypenaeus anchoralis.    T. alb (2) T. asp (8) T. bre T. cur (6) T. đen (4) T. lon T. mal (2) T. nan (5) T. pal T. par (3) T. sta (4) Meg Met Rem  T. alb (2) 0.003  T. asp (8) 0.062-0.067 0.000-0.005  T. bre 0.103-0.106 0.098-0.101 Nil  T. cur (6) 0.039-0.044 0.041-0.049 0.101-0.103 0.000-0.003  T. đen (4) 0.047-0.049 0.039-0.044 0.093 0.023-0.026 0.000  T. lon 0.067-0.070 0.075-0.080 0.109 0.059-0.062 0.057 Nil  T. mal (2) 0.072-0.075 0.062-0.067 0.109 0.065-0.067 0.065 0.083 0.000  T. nan (5) 0.049-0.054 0.039-0.049 0.103-0.109 0.023-0.031 0.031-0.036 0.057-0.062 0.072-0.078 0.000-0.005  T. pal 0.096-0.098 0.072-0.078 0.129 0.080-0.083 0.072 0.106 0.072 0.088-0.093 Nil  T. par (3) 0.072-0.075 0.039-0.044 0.109 0.049-0.052 0.031 0.078 0.072 0.036-0.041 0.083 0.000  T. sta (4) 0.075-0.078 0.072-0.078 0.114 0.065-0.067 0.057 0.093 0.059 0.065-0.067 0.070 0.078 0.000  Meg 0.067-0.070 0.070-0.075 0.109 0.065-0.067 0.067 0.078 0.034 0.070-0.072 0.075 0.078 0.057 Nil  Met 0.134-0.137 0.129-0.134 0.134 0.121-0.124 0.124 0.140 0.134 0.121-0.127 0.145 0.129 0.129 0.132 Nil  Rem 0.085-0.088 0.075-0.080 0.096 0.080-0.083 0.067 0.103 0.080 0.078-0.080 0.093 0.078 0.062 0.078 0.132 Nil  Tra 0.067-0.070 0.065-0.070 0.093 0.065-0.067 0.062 0.072 0.028 0.070-0.072 0.070 0.072 0.062 0.021 0.134 0.078   Trachysalambria starobogatoviis also rather similar to  T. palaestinensisbut with the abdominal and telson carinae less developed or less sharp ( Fig. 17K, L). Furthermore, the rostrum is generally less curved and with the tip not recurved downwards in  T. palaestinensis. The rostrum having a recurved downward tip in  T. starobogatovi( Fig. 17A, B) is somewhat similar to the rostrum of  T. nansei( Fig. 10A, C–G). Nevertheless, the rostrum is not distinctly S-shaped in  T. starobogatoviand there are many differences between these two species (e.g., height of abdominal carinae, length of postrostral carina and pereiopod V, etc.). On the other hand, material of the highly variable species,  T. aspera,from the western Indian Ocean often has lower abdominal carinae and with the postrostral carina failed to extend to posterior carapace. Although these  T. asperaspecimens closely resemble  T. starobogatovi,they can still be distinguished from the present species by the tip of rostrum not curving downwards ( Fig. 12A, B, D, E) and having a longer pereiopod V (extending to tip of scaphocerite vs. failed to reach tip of scaphocerite). Genetic analysis confirms that  T. starobogatoviis distinct from the other species of the genus (?10% sequence divergence in 12S rRNA gene, Table 2). At present,  T. starobogatoviis only confirmed to occur in the southwestern Indian Ocean from the eastern coast of South Africato Mozambiqueand Madagascar. Although previous reports of “  T. curvirostris” from these areas (e.g., Champion 1973; Kensley 1971; de Freitas 1987) likely represent  T. starobogatovi, they do not contain enough information for confirmation. For example, the Mozambiquematerial reported by de Freitas (1987)is clearly not  T. curvirostrisin having a short postrostral carina and white antennal flagella. However, it cannot be further determined if de Freitas’ (1987) material belongs to  T. starobogatovior  T. aspera. 1291550971 1966-05-27 Van Gogh Mozambique 25 -19.05 Mozambique 1273 36.483334 42 243 1 holotype 1291550986 South Africa 32 Prawn Survey Tugela River 42 243 3 1 2 1291550989 Saint Lucia 18 Santa Lucia 42 243 21 12 9 1291550983 1965-06-14 Saint Lucia 31 Santa Lucia 42 243 3 3 1291550982 2006-05-28 MNHN, IU- Saint Lucia 20 -29.372667 Tugela River 12 31.832 42 243 IU-2014-6967, IU-2014-6966 2 2 1291550995 MNHN, IU- Madagascar 83 -25.15 Madagascar 929 47.236668 42 243 IU-2014-6964 1 1 1291550994 MNHN, IU- Madagascar 20 -15.646667 Antongil Bay 128 49.706665 42 243 IU-2014-6965 1 1