Attonitus ephimeros, Vari & Ortega, 2000

Mirande, Juan Marcos, 2010, Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy, Neotropical Ichthyology 8 (3), pp. 385-568 : 538

Autapomorphies of Attonitus ephimeros :

1. Position of sphenotic spine relative to the orbit (12): (0> 1) distinctly posterior to orbital margin. Paralleled in nodes 193 and 299 and in Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro , Cynopotamus argenteus , and Gymnocharacinus bergii .

2. Rhinosphenoid (47): (1> 0) absent.Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of the Characidae . Paralleled in nodes 207, 260, 280, and 298 and in Aphyocharax nattereri , Bryconamericus scleroparius , Brycon orbignyanus , Hollandichthys multifasciatus , Pseudocorynopoma doriae , and Salminus brasiliensis .

3. Position of opening on neurocranium communicating with laterosensory canal of sixth infraorbital (77): (0> 1) in frontal. Paralleled in nodes 193 and 249 and in Micralestes stormsi .

4. Ventral margin of horizontal process of anguloarticular (109): (1> 0) posteroventrally angled relative to laterosensory canal of dentary from medial view. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 199. Paralleled in nodes 195, 280, and 298.

5. Form of anterior portion of ectopterygoid (157): (0> 1) slender and articulating only to lateral margin of palatine, and lacking ligaments to neurocranium. Paralleled in the Alestidae , in node 170, and in Agoniates anchovia .

6. Bony lamellae between second and third basibranchials (184): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in the Serrasalmidae and in Axelrodia lindeae , Hollandichthys multifasciatus , Hoplocharax goethei , Jupiaba scologaster , Piabucus melanostomus , Pyrrhulina australis , Rhaphiodon vulpinus , and Xenagoniates bondi .

7. Posterior margin of cleithrum (235): (0> 1) with markedly concave margin, almost forming straight angle. Paralleled in nodes 162, 247, and 253 and in Agoniates anchovia , Characidium borellii , Iguanodectes geisleri , Moenkhausia cf. intermedia , Prionobrama paraguayensis , and Xenagoniates bondi .

8. Number of branched anal-fin rays (287): (1> 0) 17 or less. Reversal of synapomorphy 6 of the Characoidea . Paralleled in the Alestidae , in nodes 280 and 290, and in Prodontocharax melanotus . Some trees: Paralleled in Hasemania nana .

9. Longitudinal position of insertion of adductor mandibulae tendon on dentary (330): (1> 0) on vertical through posterior half of Meckelian cartilage. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 241. Paralleled in nodes 237 and 298.

Some trees:

10. Rows of gill rakers on first ceratobranchial (192): (0> 1) two. (k12-14). Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 179. Paralleled in the Iguanodectinae , in node 280, and in Brycon orbignyanus , Bryconaethiops macrops , Carlana eigenmanni , Cheirodon interruptus , Hoplocharax goethei , Hyphessobrycon elachys , Odontostilbe microcephala , Parecbasis cyclolepis , Prodontocharax melanotus , and Rhaphiodon vulpinus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 249.