Parecbasis cyclolepis, Eigenmann

Mirande, Juan Marcos, 2010, Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy, Neotropical Ichthyology 8 (3), pp. 385-568 : 529

Autapomorphies of Parecbasis cyclolepis :

1. Length of supraoccipital spine (53): (1> 0) extends posteriorly to, at least, middle length of neural complex of Weberian apparatus. Paralleled in node 207 and in Odontostilbe paraguayensis .

2. Lateral coverage of dilator fossa by sixth infraorbital (69): (1> 0) almost complete, at least in its ventral border. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of node 197. Paralleled in node 232.

3. Dorsal end of laterosensory canal of preopercle and suprapreopercle (82): (0> 1) overlapping anterodorsal process of opercle. Paralleled in the Alestidae , in node 230, and in Bario steindachneri , Hyphessobrycon eques , Pristella maxillaris , and Stichonodon insignis .

4. Lateral ridge of anguloarticular (107): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in the Cheirodontinae , in node 191, and in Aphyocharacidium bolivianum .

5. Maxillary teeth (134): (1> 0) absent. Paralleled in Aulixidens eugeniae , Coptobrycon bilineatus , Iguanodectes geisleri , and Stichonodon insignis . Some trees: Paralleled in Hyphessobrycon elachys and Psellogrammus kennedyi .

6. Relative length of palatine (172): (1> 0) approximately onehalf length of ectopterygoid, or less. Reversal of synapomorphy 4 of node 197. Paralleled in node 255 and in Acrobrycon tarijae , Aphyocharax nattereri , Gymnocharacinus bergii , and Piabina argentea .

7. Rows of gill rakers on first ceratobranchial (192): (0> 1) two. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 179. Paralleled in the Iguanodectinae , in node 280, and in Brycon orbignyanus , Bryconaethiops macrops , Carlana eigenmanni , Cheirodon interruptus , Hoplocharax goethei , Hyphessobrycon elachys , Odontostilbe microcephala , Prodontocharax melanotus , and Rhaphiodon vulpinus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 249 and in Attonitus ephimeros .

8. Number of gill rakers on first hypobranchial and ceratobranchial (195): (1> 0) 16 or more. Paralleled in nodes 177 and 183 and in Astyanax latens , A. cf. rutilus , A. pelegrini , Hoplias cf. malabaricus , Hyphessobrycon socolofi , Moenkhausia dichroura , Piaractus mesopotamicus , and Stichonodon insignis .

9. Laminar bony ridge on dorsal margin of abdominal ribs (224): (0> 1) present.Paralleled in node 297 and in Stichonodon insignis .

10. Transitional vertebrae with haemal canal (229): (1> 0) present. Reversal of synapomorphy 6 of node 195. Paralleled in Serrapinnus calliurus .

11. Relative position of dorsal-fin anterior insertion (265): (1> 0) anterior to or at vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Paralleled in node 282 and in Creagrutus anary , Exodon paradoxus , and Moenkhausia xinguensis .

12. Bony lamellae associated with supraneurals (282): (0> 1) wider than primary axis of supraneurals.Reversal of synapomorphy 5 of node 197. Paralleled in Prodontocharax melanotus .

Some trees:

13. Number of maxillary teeth (135): (1> 0) only one, or absent. (k9-12). Paralleled in the Astyanax clade, in nodes 284 and 290, and in Aulixidens eugeniae , Cheirodon interruptus , Coptobrycon bilineatus , Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus , and Iguanodectes geisleri . Some trees: Paralleled in Hasemania nana and Paracheirodon axelrodi .

14. Development of transverse process of neural arch of third vertebra (219): (0> 1) well developed and extending beyond anterior margin of tripus. (k13-14). Paralleled in node 302, and in Agoniates anchovia , Cyanocharax alburnus , Deuterodon langei , Engraulisoma taeniatum , Hemiodus cf. thayeria , Roeboexodon geryi , and Thayeria obliqua. Some trees: Paralleled in Microschemobrycon casiquiare .