Erythemis peruviana (Rambur, 1842)

Rodríguez, Fredy Palacino, Sarmiento, Carlos E. & González-Soriano, Enrique, 2015, Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae), Insecta Mundi 2015 (428), pp. 1-68 : 20-23

Erythemis peruviana (Rambur, 1842)

( Fig. 1a , 2a–c , 7 , 10, 15 , 21 , 35 )

Libellula peruviana Rambur, 1842: 81

Libellula rubriventris Blanchard, 1845: 217 , pl. 28.

Libellula bicolor Erichson, 1848: 583 .

Type Material. Not examined.

Diagnosis. Thorax, dorsum of abdomen, and basal spot on HW brown (female and sexually immature male); or thorax and abdominal S1-3 blue and abdominal S4-10 red (mature male). In females and sexually immature males, the dorsum of pterothorax is pale with dark antehumeral stripes and the central one is two or more times wider than lateral ones ( Fig. 15 ). Dark basal spot on HW does not reach the first antenodal vein or the AA vein, only extends to the penultimate row of cells of anal angle. Posterior lobe of vesica spermalis is not covered by the lateral lobe, which extends less posteriorly than the medial lobe ( Fig. 21 ). Hook is bilobed ( Fig. 18 ), fingerlike and not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of vesica spermalis ( Fig. 21 ). Cornua is perpendicular to vesica spermalis transversal axis, with lobes separate at apex, and covered by lateral lobes in lateral view ( Fig. 21 ). Lab ≤ 30mm, LcaS4/LclS4 <2.1 ( Fig. 4 ).

Morphometric ratios of males. LHW/Acd<3.60; LclS3/LcaS3<2.10; Lab/LcaS3<3.00; Lban/Lasaca<3.00.

Morphometric ratios of females. AnptFW/LoptFW<0.22; Lab/Las>2.50; LclS3/LcaS3<3.00; Lecv-clS3/LcaS3<1.6; Lab/LcaS3<3.00; Ansbt/Antr>2.40; Antr/Lar<3.00; LFW/Lnpt>2.90.

Head. Ll: 0.0011 –0.0014 mm (M); 0.0011 –0.0014 mm (F). Lw: 0.0030 –0.0037 mm (M); 0.0030 – 0.0045 mm (F). Hwd: 0.0054 –0.0061 mm (M); 0.0058 –0.0061 mm (F). Hl: 0.0028 –0.0035 mm (M); 0.0027 – 0.0037 mm (F).

Legs. Nsmf: 5–13 (M); 6–9 (F). Nshf: 14–24 (M); 6–15 (F). Hfl: 0.0031 –0.0059 mm (M); 0.0053 – 0.0061 mm (F). Fbsd: 0.0018 –0.0023 mm (M); 0.0021 –0.0022 mm (F). Mfl: 0.0032 –0.0039 mm (M); 0.0033 –0.0041 mm (F). Dshf (the conditions separated by commas are present in different specimens): short spines-1 to 3 median spines-3 long spines, short spines-3 long spines.

Wings. LoptFW: 0.0027 –0.0036 mm (M); 0.0032 –0.0039 mm (F). AnptFW: 0.004 –0.007 mm (M); 0.005 –0.008 mm (F). LoptHW: 0.0026 –0.0038 mm (M); 0.0032 –0.0039 mm (F). AnptHW: 0.004 –0.007 mm (M); 0.006 –0.008 mm (F). DfwHW: 0.005 –0.006 mm (M); 0.005 –0.006 mm (F). LbanFW: 13.11–14.95mm (M); 13.73–15.89mm (F). LbanHW: 11.04–13.50mm (M); 11.15–14.17mm (F). AndFW: 5.00– 7.54mm (M); 6.53–8.20mm (F). Wb: 7.93–9.28mm (M); 6.96–9.69mm (F). LFW: 27.15–30.61mm (M); 28.42– 33.27mm (F). LHW: 26.66–29.79mm (M); 26.70–32.22mm (F). AnsbtFW: 0.0017 –0.0020 mm (M); 0.0015 –0.0020 mm (F). AntrFW: 0.005 –0.008 mm (M); 0.005 –0.008 mm (F). LarFW: 0.001 –0.004 mm (M); 0.003 –0.005 mm (F). LarHW: 0.0003 –0.0043 mm (M); 0.001 –0.003 mm (F). LnptFW: 0.0008 –0.0010 mm (M); 9.30–11.27mm (F). LnptHW: 9.89–11.75mm (M); 10.02–12.25mm (F). At-MP: 0.002 –0.005 mm (M); 0.0002 –0.0011 mm (F). LbaFW: 0.0023 –0.0028 mm (M); 0.0025 –0.0030 mm (F). LbaHW: 0.0024 –0.0030 mm (M); 0.0027 –0.0031 mm (F). RP2-loptFW: 0.000.6– 0.0010mm (M); 0.00.62– 0.0068mm (F). RP2-loptHW: 0.000.9– 0.0070mm (M). Dat-lsbt: 0.0006 –0.0019 mm (M); 0.0006 –0.0015 mm (F). Lasa-ca: 0.004 –0.011 mm (M); 0.0006 –0.0010 mm (F). Crp: 7–8. Cal: 3–6. PC-RA-RP1: 2–3 (FW), 2 (HW). CdfFW: only 2 rows of cells; only 3 rows of cells. Vt: 1. Csub: 3.

Abdomen. Lab: 20.56–26.86mm (M); 22.62-27.53mm (F). LcaS3: 0.010 –0.015 mm (M); 0.010 – 0.014 mm (F). LclS3: 0.015 –0.020 mm (M); 0.016 –0.020 mm (F). Lecv-clS3: 0.010 –0.018 mm (M); 0.010 – 0.019 mm (F).

Caudal appendages. Las : 0.009 –0.018 mm (M) ; 0.009 –0.010 mm (F). Poas: 0.006–0.03mm (M); 0.012 –0.025 mm (F). Anas: 0.025 –0.050 mm (M); 0.025 –0.037 mm (F). Ddas : 0.0018 –0.0110 mm (M). Epl: 0.08– 0.013mm (M) ; 0.050 –0.062 mm (F).

Larva. According to Calvert (1928) the larva of this species shows the following characters: Total length 13.00– 13.50 mm, six palpal setae, the lateral spine on ninth segment is strongly decurved and measures 0.43 mm. Additional characters are provided by Costa and Pujol-Luz (1993) as follows: the cercus exceeds between 1/3 to half the length of epiproct, and there are eight palpal setae.

Material Examined. ARGENTINA, Formosa Prov. , ditch by road, 12 km E from route 11 on route 2 to Mojón de Fierro , 25°59’6” 58°2’18”, 0 m, 5.xi.2007, R. W. Garrison and N. v. Ellenrieder leg., 1 male ( RWG) ; same, but Banado La Estrella , 42 km N of Las Lomitas on road 28, 24°27’32” 60°23’17”, 0 m, 18.ii.2008, R. W. Garrison and N. v. Ellenrieder leg., 1 female ( RWG) . BOLIVIA, El Carmen, 02.ii.1955, 1 male, 1 female ( MNRJ) . BRAZIL, Amazonas, Barreira da Ribeira , 18.viii.1936, 3 males, 4 females ( MNRJ) ; same, but Rio Amazonas , 1936, Almeida leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but B. Constant, Rio Itecoahy , iii.1942, Parko leg., 2 males ( MNRJ) ; same, but Rio Itecoahy , vi.1942, Parko leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Manaus , N. Santos leg., 27.x.1959, 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Igarapé do Passarinho , Elias leg., xi.1959, 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Ponte de Bolívia , 20.xi.1960, E. Ferreira leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Poraquequara , i.1973, N. Tangerini leg., 1 male 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Río Negro , 05.vii.1941, Parko leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same data as before except collected on following dates: 06.vii.1941, 2 males ; 11.vii.1941, 2 males, 4 females, 12.vii.1941, 3 females, 13.vii.1941, 1 male; 19.vii.1941, 1 male ; 20.vii.1941, 1 female; 22.vii.1941, 1 female; 23.vii.1941, 2 males; 25.vii.1941, 3 females, vii.1941, 3 males; xii.1941, 1 female ; 23.x.1959, N. Santos leg., 8 males, 5 females, same, but Santo Antonio , Elias leg., iii.1960, 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Turislandia , x.1977, Sandim leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Xiborene , 04.xii.1960, E. Ferreira leg., 5 males, 3 females ( MNRJ) ; same data as before except collected on: 03.xii.1960, 2 males, 2 females ; same, but Parintins , 18.i.1973, N. Tangerini leg., 8 males, 5 females ( MNRJ) ; Bahia, Caravelas , vi.1908, Garbe leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same data as before except collected on: xi.1908, 1 male ; same, but Camarajipe, Salvador , 18.vii.1951, N. Santos leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Rep. da Bolandeira, Rio Yituamir, Salvador , 15.vii.1951, N Santos leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; Ceará, Fortaleza, Pacatula , vi.1946. F. Pessoa leg., 4 males, 9 females ( MNRJ) ; same, but Pacatula , ii.1962. N. Santos leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; Espírito Santo, Anchieta, litoral do Espírito Santo , ii.1949, Berla leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Baixo Guandú , 07-12.xii.1970, Elias leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Conceição da Barra , 27.iii.1968, Paulo Elias leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same data as before except collected on: 24.ii.1972, 1 male ; same, but Linhares , 08-14.ii.1972, Elias, Paulo leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but 22-27.v.1972, Elias e Paulo leg., 2 females ( MNRJ) ; same data as before except collected on: 10-15.iii.1972, 1 male ; same, but Linhares, Estr. Linhares - Regência km. 4, iii.1944, Elias leg., 1 male, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Estr. Linhares a Colatina, parte Norte km. 5, 24-31.v.1972, Elias, Paulo leg., 2 females ( MNRJ) ; same, but Sooretama, lago de Macuez 07.xi.1960, Dimitro leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; Goiás, Formosa-Soiós, Lagoa Feia , 24.xi.1963, N. Santos, Machado e Dozjes leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; Maranhão, Porto Gonçalves Dias, Medio Pindaré, 1942-1943, R. Meanda leg., 2 males ( MNRJ) ; same, but Timon, Fazenda Cruzeiro , 17-18.viii.2004, J.M. C leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; Mato Grosso, Bodoquena, 12-xii.1941, C.J.O. Cruz leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Corumbá, 01-ii.1955, 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Miranda, 15-17.1941, C.J.O. Cruz leg., 2 males, 4 females ( MNRJ) ; same, but Salobra , 21-23.i.1955, 1 male, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but C.I.O. Cruz leg., 4 males, 8 females ( MNRJ) ; same, but Rio Paraguay, Corumbá-P. Esperanis , xi.1943, 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Tabatinga, Raul Soares , 10.v.1950, 2 males, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa , 13.i.1951, Santos and Machado leg., 2 males, 3 females ( MNRJ) ; same data as before except collected on: ii.1947, Santos, Berla y Machado leg. ; 1 male iv.1949, 1 female; xii.1949, 13 males, 2 females ; 15.i.1951, 1 male; same, but olho d’ agua, 20.iv.1949, Machado e N. Dias dos Santos leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but lagoa olho d’ agua, 08.iv.1979, N. Santos e L. F. Neto leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but 23.x.1983, N. Santos e Ulisses leg., 2 males, 6 females ( MNRJ) ; same, but Lagoa do Palmital, governador, Valadares , 9.ii.1955, N. Santos e Machado leg., 4 males ( MNRJ) ; same, but Pirapora , 11.ii.1942, A. Passarelli leg., 1 male, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same data as before except collected on: 19.v.1941, Bayley leg., 1 male ; Pará, Belém , x.1980, Otero leg., 1 male, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Santarém , v.1920, Garbe leg., 2 males, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but alter do Chão , 24.1.1971, N. Tangerini leg., 2 males ( MNRJ) ; Pernambuco, Igarassu, Refugio Ecológico Charles Darwin , 12.ii.2001, J.M. C e L. Borges leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Recife, Dois irmãos, 12.vii.1944, Berla leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but 07.x.1944, 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but Parque Zoobotánico ( Lago ), 18.xi.1965, 2 males ( MNRJ) ; same, but Florestal do Açude do Prata , 08°- 09°S e 34°- 35°W, 09.ii.2001, J.M. C e L. Borges leg., 1 male, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; same, but Represa Gurjau, N. Santos, D. Lima leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; same, but 08°- 09°S e 35°- 36°W, 14.ii.2001, J.M. C e L. Borges leg., 7 females ( MNRJ) ; Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Capivara , 16.i.1958, N. Santos leg., 1 male, 2 females ( MNRJ) ; Rio de Janeiro, Santa Cruz da Serra , 01.iv.1986, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; Roraima, Ariquemes , viii.1980, Bento leg., 3 males ( MNRJ) ; Santa Catarina , Brejo, entre Blumenau e Guará-Mirim , 13.ii.1982, N. Santos, L. F. Netto e M. C leg., 5 males, 1 female ( MNRJ) ; São Paulo, Horto, Rio Claro , 04.ii.1975, N. Santos leg., 1 male ( MNRJ) ; Sergipe, Santo Amaro, Aruari , xi.1961, J.C. M.C. leg., 4 males, 3 females ( MNRJ) ; no data, 20 males, 11 females ( MNRJ). COLOM- BIA, Amazonas, Leticia, 15.iv.1990, 1 male ( ICN). Antioquia, El Bagre, Ciénaga Mocholo , 11.iii.2005, J.A. Posada, leg., 1 male, 1 female ( CEUA) ; same, but Carepa, Finca Augura, Estación Experimental Tulenapa , 48 m, 6.ii.2009, N. Uribe leg., 1 male ( CEUA) ; same, but Caucasia, Hacienda La Candelaria , 80 m, 23.xi.2007, Grupo Entomología, 4 males ( CEUA) ; Bolívar, Regidor, Finca Las Brisas, Corredor de vegetación alrededor de caño, 8º 45’ 39.5”N 73º 52’ 02.2” W, i.2009, M. Moreno leg., 2 males, 1 female ( UARC) ; same, but Finca Las Pavas o Labrador, Bosque Montaña de Toronto , 8º 46’ 43.7 N 73º 54’ 53.8” W, i.2009, M. Moreno leg., 1 female ( UARC) ; same, but Finca La Herradura (Amiagro), Cultivo de palma de aceite, 8º 41’ 6.6” N 73º 53’ 45,7” W, i.2009, M. Moreno leg., 1 male, 1 female ( UARC) ; same, but Santa Catalina , 3-9.x.1999, G. Andrade leg., 4 males, 4 females ( ICN) ; same, but 23.x.1946, 1 female ( ICN) ; Boyacá, Puerto Boyacá , 18.vi.1981, C. Bohórquez leg., 1 female ( ICN) ; Cesar, Chimichagua , 22-23.x.2006, N.C. Rojas leg., 1 male, 1 female ( ICN) ; same, but El Paso , 25.x.2006 - 4.iv.2007, N.C. Rojas leg., 3 males, 1 female ( ICN) ; Córdoba, Pueblo Nuevo , 18-20.iii.2006, N.C. Rojas leg., 3 males, 1 female ( ICN) ; same, but Santa Cruz de Lorica , 22- 24.iii-18.vii.2006, N.C. Rojas leg., 1 male, 4 females ( ICN) ; Meta, Puerto López 15.iv.1984 - 3.vii.1986, R. Restrepo leg., 3 males, 1 female ( ICN) ; same, but 9.iv.1984, 1 male ( ICN) ; Santander, Sabana de Torres, Pozo Ecopetrol , 7°22’36”N 73°27’34”W, 133 males, 16.xii.2007, C. Garzón leg., 2 males ( ANDES) ; Sucre, San Onofre, Reserva Sanguaré , 31.iii.2004, Grupo Entomología leg., 1 male ( CEUA) ; same, but Bosque Tapón , 30.iii.2004, Grupo Entomología leg., 1 male ( CEUA) ; Valle del Cauca , Laguna del Sonso , iv.1991, G. Medina y C. Rodríguez leg., ( ICN) ; 2 males same, but CIAT, ii.2004, 1 male (MUSENUV). MEXICO, Veracruz, La Pera, Los Tux. , 5.VII.1980, e. González, leg., 1 male ( CNIN) ; same, but cerca de Cuichapa , 5.VII.1980, E. González, leg., 1 female ( CNIN) . PANAMA, Canal Zone, Pipeline Road , 25 km NW of Gamboa, 9°6’ 79°42’, 29.vii.1979, R. W. Garrison leg., 2 males ( RWG) . PARAGUAY, San Bernardino, i.1944, Mis. Cient. Brasil leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; Asunción, iv.1944, Mis. Cient. Brasil leg., 1 female ( MNRJ) ; Puerto General Díaz, iv.1944, Mis. Cient. Brasil leg., 7 males, 4 females ( MNRJ) .

Biology. Larvae and adults of Erythemis peruviana inhabits ponds, swamps, backwaters of rivers, and rice field canals, where the period of greatest activity for the adults is from 10:00 to 16:00 hrs. The males perch on low vegetation branches or directly on the ground, folding their wings forward, changing perches constantly and showing intraspecific aggression, as well as interspecific aggression with males of E. vesiculosa and Erythrodiplax sp. (Palacino-Rodríguez and Millán 2010). Erythemis peruviana females have been observed perching or ovipositing over long periods in territories that are shared with non-territorial species such as Brachymesia furcata (Hagen) ( De Marco et al. 2005) .

Distribution. From U.S.A. to Argentina ( Fig. 35 ), between 0–1500 m.asl.

Figures

Figure 1. a) Plot showing continuous variation for the character distance between lateral and ventral carinae (dlvc), opposite to meeting point of lateral and medial transverse carinae on S3 (lmt). Numbers represent the following species: 1) E. attala, 2) E. carmelita, 3) E. collocata, 4) E. credula, 5) E. haematogastra, 6) E. mithroides, 7) E. peruviana, 8) E. plebeja, 9) E. simplicicollis, 10) E. vesiculosa. b) S1-3 E. carmelita males showing the measures from Williamson (1923): distance between lateral and ventral carinae (dlvc), divided by the measure of distance between meeting point of lateral and medial transverse carinae and ventral carinae (lmt).

Figure 2. Plots of the first two discriminant functions of the discriminant analysis. a) The first two discriminant functions explain 72.5% in males, the cases in where species are overlapped were analyzed by separated in b. b) The first two discriminant functions explain 88.3% in males, and c) The first two discriminant functions explain 83.7% in F. Polygons define the limits of proposed groups.

Figure 35. Erythemis peruviana distribution map.

Figures 4–9. Morphometric characters. 4) S1-3 of E. carmelita male, 5-6) E. simplicicollis male; 7) E. peruviana female; 8) FW of E. vesiculosa male; 9) E. simplicicollis male. Abbreviations indicate the following characters, LFW, LHW: FW or HW length; Lnpt: Nodus-pterostigma length; Antr: Triangle width; Lar: Arculus-second antenodal length; Lba: wing base-arculus length; Lban: Wing base-nodus length; Anpt: Pterostigma width; Lopt: Pterostigma length; Ansbt: Subtriangle width; Acd: HW discoidal field posterior border width; Anb: HW base width; Lasa-ca: Supplementary anal vein-Cu-A crossvein, Lab: Abdomen length; Las: Cercus length; Ddas: reach of teeth on ventral region of cercus; Anas: Anterolateral width of cercus; S: Abdominal segment 3; LclS3: Lateral carina length; LcaS3: 3 Apical carina length; Lecv: Ventral carina length; Lecv-clS3: Basal area between ventral-lateral carinae on S3; Wm: Width medial region of the abdominal segment; S 8: Abdominal segment 8; S 9: Abdominal segment 9; Lal: Female lamina length from base of basal lobe to apex.

Figures 10–17. Discrete characters of vulvar lamina, abdominal appendages, thorax, and femur.Numbers represent the following species: 10) E. peruviana female; 11) E. plebeja female; 12) E. simplicicollis male; 13) E. mithroides male; 14) E. vesiculosa male; 15) E. peruviana female; 16) E. vesiculosa female, 17) E. attala male. Abbreviations indicate the following characters, S 8 -S 9: Abdominal segments 8-9; LV: Vulvar lamina; Pb: Posterior border; Vt: Teeth ventral; Ai: Inferior appendage; As: Antehumeral stripe.

Figures 18–25. Discrete characters of vesica spermalis. Numbers represent the following species:18) E. mithroides, dorsal view; 19) E. carmelita, left side view; 20) E. vesiculosa, left side view; 21) E. peruviana, left side view; 22) E. credula, dorsal wiew; 23) E. haematogastra, right side view; 24) E. credula, finger-shaped structures, dorsal view; 25) E. plebeja, dorsal view. Abbreviations indicate the following characters, C: Cornua; L: Lateral lobe; H: Hook; Pb: Posterior border; M: Medial lobe; P: Posterior lobe; NH: Hook not bilobed.