Trillium erectum L.

Floden, Aaron J. & Knapp, Wesley M., 2023, Typification of the North American species of Trillium subg. Trillium (Melanthiaceae: Parideae), Phytotaxa 599 (3), pp. 193-200 : 195

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.3.6
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8015234
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E91C9C62-FFBB-6056-FF76-FDD24650FE8B
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Trillium erectum L.
status

Treatment

Trillium erectum L. View in CoL View at ENA , Sp. Pl. View Cited Treatment 1: 340. 1753.

Type:— USA. Habitat in Virginia, s.d., s.coll ( LINN!, lectotype designated by Reveal, Phytologia 72: 1–4, 1992) .

Heterotypic synonyms:

Trillium pendulum Willd., Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin View in CoL iii, 421. 1801. Type not located.

Trillium rhomboideum var. atropurpureum Michx View in CoL ,. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 215. 1803. Invalid name.

Trillium rhomboideum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. View in CoL 1: 215–216. 1803. nom. superfl., cited T. erectum L. View in CoL as synonym.

Trillium foetidum Salisb., Parad. Lond. Tt. View in CoL 35. 1805. Type:— USA. Virginia: Bartram s.n. Type not located.

Trillium acuminatum Raf. View in CoL , Med. Repos. 5: 361. 1808. Type not located.

Trillium album Small View in CoL , in part, see T. rugelii View in CoL .

Trillium erectum var. album (Michx.) Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) View in CoL 1: 245. 1814. Type :— North America. Sep., Michaux s.n. (holotype: P 00730404 digital image).

Note:— This name is based on Michaux’s T. rhomboideum var. album . Pursh (1814) based his new combination on Michaux’s name, but this appears to have been without observation of Michaux’s type gathering because it (at P) is evidently T. rugelii (see below), whereas the K specimen of T. erectum var. album Pursh is a white-flowered form of T. erectum .

Trillium erectum var. atropurpureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. View in CoL 1: 245. 1814 [1813]. Type :— USA. Amer., Sept., Michaux s.n. (holotype: not located; isotype: P00730489 digital image!).

Trillium purpureum Kin ex Elliott (1817: 430) View in CoL . A sketch of the botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 430. Type :—USA. Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Kin s.n. (holotype: PH digital image!; isotype: MO 2140261 !) .

Trillium latifolium Raf. View in CoL , Med. Fl. 2: 96. 1830. Type:—In Kentucky. Type not located.

Trillium nutans Raf. View in CoL , Med. Fl. 2: 99. 1830. Type:—From Canada to Carolina. Type not located.

Trillium flavum Raf. View in CoL , Med. Fl. 2: 100. 1830. Type:—In the mountains from New York to Virginia. Type not located.

Trillium spatulatum Raf. View in CoL , Med. Fl. 2: 101. 1830. Type:—In the mountains Alleghany. Type not located.

Trillium divaricatum Raf. , Med. Fl. 2: 102. 1830. Type:—In the Alleghany and Cumberland mountains . Type not located.

Trillium atropurpureum M.A.Curtis ex L.C.Beck, Bot. View in CoL North. Middle States 361. 1833. Type not located.

Trillium rhombifolium Raf., Autik. Bot View in CoL 133. 1840. Type:—Apalachian [sic] Mts. Alabama & c. Type not located.

Trillium erectum var. flavum Torr., Fl. View in CoL New York 2: 296. 1847. Type :— USA. New York: Hamilton or Madison counties, Douglas s.n. (holotype: NY 00319877 digital image!; isotypes: GH 00030156 digital image!), non, Trillium erectum var. flavum H.H.Eaton ex A.Eaton View in CoL , nom. nud.

Trillium erectum subsp. rubrum Clute, Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) View in CoL 9: 76. 1905. nom. nud.

Note:— Clute (1905) discussed the default name for the type color form, reddish, and the necessity, if it was at all worthy of formal description, to name the color forms that are different from the typical color form and often co-occur with one or more color forms.

Trillium erectum f. albiflorum, Ralph Hoffm. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. View in CoL 36: 244. 1922. Type:— USA. Massachusetts: Berkshire County, Stockbridge , rich woods, 23 May 1920, Hoffman s.n. (holotype: NEBC 00032163 View Materials !).

Trillium erectum var. cahnae Farw., Amer. Midl. Naturalist View in CoL 9: 266. 1925. Type:— USA. Michigan: Oakland, Vicinity of Clawson , 12 May 1924, Cahn 6874a (holotype: BLH0000369 View Materials digital image!).

Trillium erectum f. sessiloides Boivin View in CoL , Rhodora 55: 102. 1953. Type:— CANADA. Ontario: Carleton, Beechwood , close to the cemetery gate, May 1899, s.coll. 1822 (holotype: DAO000466292 View Materials digital image!).

Trillium erectum L. var. horizontale Louis-Marie, View in CoL Rev. Oka Agron. Inst. Agric. 14: 151. 1940. Type:— CANADA. Quebec: Comté des Deux-Montagnes , bois riche, N.- E. à Ontario, 30 Apr 1958, Meunier s.n. (holotype: S-G-7309 digital image!) .

Notes:— Within populations of T. erectum and its close relative T. sulcatum , plants can exhibit an array of floral color variation and orientation. Variation is often found regionally where the characters are consistent, but there are regions also where great variability within a single population has been observed. For instance, in the southern Appalachians, flowers can be white, greenish, yellow, pink, and typical maroon. The typical predominant color form is maroon, but in the Southern Appalachians white forms exist in large uniform colonies (see also T. simile ). In most populations, a single color is predominant with only occasional other colors, whereas other populations can have a mixture. The position of the flower can also vary from the typical form with erect peduncles and the flowers held facing outward, but some populations have the peduncles held horizontally in plane with the leaves, declining below the plane of the leaves, or pendent like those of T. rugelii or T. vaseyi . This variation we consider to be normal and do not recognize formal designations based on color or flower position in most cases. An exception, if found to be genetically distinct, are the large white flowered plants forming uniform populations in some regions of the Southern Appalachians (see also under T. simile ).