Platynopterinae SPINOLA , 1844
|
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.5282503 |
|
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544686 |
|
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC6CBD1D-FFA0-FFF6-6DC2-FB81FBABAE54 |
|
treatment provided by |
Marcus |
|
scientific name |
Platynopterinae SPINOLA , 1844 |
| status |
|
Platynopterinae SPINOLA, 1844 : 55
Type genus. Platynoptera CHEVROLAT, 1834 : No. 18. Desmarest, 1852: 269 (Platynopteridae).
Diagnosis. Specimens belong to this subfamily if they show a reduced 4th tarsomere, have one or two pairs of incipient pronotal trichobothria, have a lengthened, sometimes highly lobate antennal capitulum whose combined length is almost always much longer than the combined length of the other antennomeres, and have an incomplete pronotal dorsolateral carina. Also, the dorsolateral carina always conjoins the pronotal hem at the posterior angles of the pronotum.
OPITZ (2010: 55) provided a key to the subfamilies of Cleridae . This key is to be modified as follows to accommodate Platynopterinae .
5(4) Pronotal disk with incipient or fully-formed pronotal trichobothria..............................6
5' Pronotal disc without pronotal trichobothria...................7 (leads to remaining couplets)
6(5) Antenna inserted on lover portion of ocular notch, pronotum with fully-formed trichobothria, metatarsus with 1 or 2 pulvilli .............................................. Epiphloeinae
6' Antenna inserted at middle of antennal notch, pronotum with incipient trichobothria, metatarsus with 3 pulvilli ........................................................................ Platynopterinae
Description. Shape: Ranges from subrectangulate ( Fig. 146 View Figs 145-148 ) to trapezoidal ( Fig. 156 View Figs 153-156 ). Size: Length 5.5–19.0 mm; width 1.7–10.0 mm. Integumental Color: Varies from predominantly black to predominantly testaceous; pronotum and elytra usually bicolored, elytra frequently exhibit transverse testaceous fascia. Head: Transverse ( Fig. 18 View Figs 16-30 ), strongly deflexed, usually narrower than pronotum, surface finely punctate; epistomal suture incomplete, internal epistomal ridge incomplete; frontal preantennal angle not acute; clypeus bipartite, comprised of pigmented upper region and pigmented lower region; antenna comprised of 11 antennomeres, capitate, capitulum lengthened, combined length of funicular antennomeres usually very short, 9 th and 10 th antennomere with ( Fig. 104 View Figs 103-108 ) or without ( Fig. 1 View Figs 1-15 ) collateral branch, funicular antennomeres expanded ( Fig. 1 View Figs 1-15 ); eyes finely or coarsely faceted ( Fig. 88 View Figs 87-92 ), very deeply incised anteriorly; labrum shallowly or deeply incised ( Fig. 97 View Figs 97-102 ), transverse tormal processes fused-contiguous ( Fig. 54 View Figs 46-61 ); last palpomere of maxillary and labial palpus from securiform ( Fig. 39 View Figs 31-45 ) to subsecuriform ( Fig. 57a View Figs 46-61 ); epipharynx not complex; mandible with well-developed dens ( Fig. 20 View Figs 16-30 ), basal notch not very large; gula large, gular processes separated ( Fig. 33 View Figs 31-45 ), gular sutures converging. Thorax: Pronotum quadrate ( Fig. 5 View Figs 1-15 ), transverse, or oblong ( Fig. 38 View Figs 31-45 ), lateral tubercle present ( Fig. 5 View Figs 1-15 ) or not ( Fig. 22 View Figs 16-30 ), anterior transverse depression if present faintly indicated, dorsolateral carina incomplete, carina confluent with pronotal hem at pronotal hind angles, commissure absent; pronotal projections very short ( Fig. 5 View Figs 1-15 ), pronototergosternal suture complete; prointercoxal process linear ( Fig. 22 View Figs 16-30 ) or feebly swollen distally ( Fig. 5 View Figs 1-15 ); procoxal cavity open externally, procryptosternum incomplete; metendosternite with furcal lamina ( Fig. 8 View Figs 1-15 ); elytral form usually oblong rectangulate ( Fig. 145 View Figs 145-148 ), suboval ( Fig. 157 View Figs 157-160 ), or trapezoidal ( Fig. 156 View Figs 153-156 ), anterior margin with carina, disc with or without asetiferous punctations, elytral 1° and 2° usually present or not, epipleural fold laterally positioned, gradually narrowing to elytral apex; legs, tarsal formula 5-5-5, cursorial, protibiae usually spinous along anterior margin ( Fig. 98 View Figs 97-102 ), tibial spur formula 0-1-1 or 0- 2-2, tarsal pulvillar formula 3-3-3; unguis with ( Fig. 101 View Figs 97-102 ) or without ( Fig. 96b View Figs 93-96 ) basal denticle; wedge cell of metathoracic wing closed ( Fig. 15 View Figs 1-15 ). Abdomen: Comprised of 6 visible sternites, 6th visible sternite beneath 5th, robust and compact; pygidium quadrate or scutiform; aedeagus well sclerotized, tegmen tubular very sclerotized, bilobed distally, tegminal lobes fimbriate or not, phallobasic rod variously developed, phallobasic apodeme well developed, phallic plates variously developed; spicular fork well developed ( Fig. 12 View Figs 1-15 ), intraspicular plate linear, spicular apodeme variously fused or not fused; ovipositor not longer than abdomen, with multilobed dorsal and ventral lamina; oblique and ventral bacculi well developed. Alimentary Canal: Stomodaeum short ( Fig. 61b View Figs 46-61 ), proventricular valve comprised of 4 primary lobes; ventriculus well developed, ventricular crypts poorly developed; 4 cryptonephridial Malpighian tubules; proctodaeum short in males and long in females. Mesodermal Male Reproductive Organs: Two pairs of accessory glands ( Fig. 61c View Figs 46-61 ); testes multifollicular. Mesodermal Female Reproductive Organs: Spermathecal capsule highly sclerotized ( Fig. 61d View Figs 46-61 ), spermathecal gland attached to subapex or base of spermathecal capsule; saccular bursal copulatrix, well-developed bursal sclerite; ovaries comprised of multiple follicles. Larval Morphology: Cranium comparatively large, transverse; coronal component of epicranial suture absent; endocarina present; gula long narrow; 5 stemmata present on each side of cranium, anterior row of 3 and posterior row of 2; mouthparts feebly sclerotized; mesonotum and metanotum without plates; spiracles small, annuliform; urogomphi recurved.
Natural History. The adult body shape and leg construction of these beetles suggests that they frequent broad leaf vegetation. The larval morphology is typical of clerids that are predators of xylophagous insects. Moreover, the members of some genera have evolved an elytral shape and texture that leads one to conclude that they are involved in a mimetic relationship with Lycidae .
Distribution. The range of the members of Platynopterinae extends from México to Uruguay.
Key to the genera and species of the Platynopterinae
1 Maxillary terminal palpomere securiform ( Fig. 36 View Figs 31-45 ) ( Platynoptera ).............................2
1 Maxillary terminal palpomere subsecuriform ( Fig. 57a View Figs 46-61 )..............................................7
2(1) Elytral disc unicolorous black or nearly so...................................................................3
2 Elytral disc distinctly bicolorous, with or without flavotestaceous fasciae...................4
3(2) Humeral angle flavotestaceous ( Brazil) ( Fig. 165 View Figs 165-168 ) ............. Platynoptera humeralis PIC
3 Humeral angle not flavotestaceous ( Brazil) ( Fig. 167 View Figs 165-168 ) ...... Platynoptera ampliata (KLUG)
4(2) Elytral disc mostly flavotestaceous...............................................................................5
4 Elytral disc not mostly flavotestaceous.........................................................................6
5(4) Elytral disc black in distal third ( Panamá) ( Fig. 163 View Figs 161-164 ) ..................................................... .................................................................................... Platynoptera carti OPITZ nov.sp.
5 Elytral disc not black in distal third ( Panamá) ( Fig. 168 View Figs 165-168 ) ............................................... ............................................................................. Platynoptera ochreata OPITZ nov.sp.
6(4') Broad flavotestaceous line extended backward from humeral angle ( Brazil) ( Fig. 164 View Figs 161-164 ) ................................................................... Platynoptera flavohumeralis OPITZ nov.sp.
6'. Humeral angle black ( Brazil) ( Fig. 166 View Figs 165-168 ) ............... Platynoptera lyciformis CHEVROLAT
7(1') Unguis without denticle................................................................................................8
7' Unguis with denticle...................................................................................................15
8(7) Antennal capitulum with collateral branches ( Fig. 46 View Figs 46-61 ), posterior half of elytra expanded, about 10 mm ( Tarandocerus )......................................................................9
8' Antennal capitulum without collateral branches ( Fig. 66 View Figs 62-69 ), posterior half of elytra not expanded, about 6 mm ( Aspitonis )..............................................................................12
9(8) Pronotal disc copiously vested with gold-yellow setae...............................................10
9' Pronotal disc not copiously vested with gold-yellow setae.........................................11
10(9) Profemur dark brown ( México) ( Fig. 171 View Figs 169-172 ).......... Tarandocerus mexicanus (THOMSON)
10' Profemur flavotestaceous ( México) ( Fig. 169 View Figs 169-172 ) ..... Tarandocerus auratus OPITZ nov.sp.
11(9') Four carinae on elytral disc ( Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Peru, Paraguay, Argentina) ( Fig. 170 View Figs 169-172 ) ................................................... Tarandocerus lycoides SPINOLA
11' Three carina on elytral disc ( Brazil, Paraguay) ( Fig. 172 View Figs 169-172 )..... Tarandocerus testaceiceps PIC
12(8') Asetiferous punctation end at midelytral disc, elytral disc entirely black ( México) ( Fig. 151 View Figs 149-152 ) ..................................................................... Aspitonis chiapas OPITZ nov.sp.
12' Asetiferous punctation extend to elytral apex.............................................................13
13(12') Pronotum without midbasal short dark streak ( México) ( Fig. 153 View Figs 153-156 ) ................................ ............................................................................. Aspitonis undulicornis OPITZ nov.sp.
13' Pronotum with midbasal short dark streak..................................................................14
14(13') Elytral disc red ( Costa Rica) ( Fig. 150 View Figs 149-152 ) .................... Aspitonis alarutinis OPITZ nov.sp.
14' Elytral disc flavotestaceous ( Panamá) ( Fig. 152 View Figs 149-152 )....... Aspitonis graminis OPITZ nov.sp.
15(7') Elytral epipleural margins subparallel ( Pilosirus ).......................................................16
15' Elytral epipleural margin not subparallel, elytra expanded in posterior half..............19
16(15) Antennomere 5 nearly same size as antennomere 7 ( Fig. 73 View Figs 70-80 ) ( Peru) .............................. ................................................................................................... Pilosirus brunoi OPITZ
16' Antennomere 5 much smaller than antennomere 7 ( Fig. 76 View Figs 70-80 )......................................17
17(16') Elytral disc with broad flavotestaceous fascia ( Bolivia) ( Fig. 161 View Figs 161-164 ) ................................ .................................................................................... Pilosirus fasciatus OPITZ nov.sp.
17' Elytral disc without fascia, disc entirely black............................................................18
18(17') Pronotal tubercle obtuse ( Fig. 141 View Figs 133-144 ) ( Brazil) (Fig, 160)................................................... ............................................................................... Pilosirus amazonicus OPITZ nov.sp.
18' Pronotal tubercle subacute ( Fig. 142 View Figs 133-144 ) ( Brazil) ( Fig. 162 View Figs 161-164 ) .............................................. ........................................................................................ Pilosirus versus OPITZ nov.sp.
19(15') Pronotal disc explanate at sides..................................................................................20
19' Pronotal disc not explanate at sides............................................................................21
20(19) Profemur entirely dark brown ( Brazil) ( Fig. 145 View Figs 145-148 )........................................................... ............................................................................. Ambonoides retinoides OPITZ nov.sp.
20' Profemur flavotestaceous in basal half, dark brown in remainder ( Brazil) ( Fig. 146 View Figs 145-148 ) .... ............................................................................ Ambonoides caraguata OPITZ nov.sp.
21(19') Last maxillary palpomere securiform ( Fig. 28 View Figs 16-30 ), male metatibiae without glandular pit ( Isoforma )...................................................................................................................22
21' Last maxillary palpomere subsecuriform, male metatibiae with glandular pit (as in fig. 100) ( Artoadenus ).......................................................................................................27
22(21) Elytral disc with flavotestaceous fascia......................................................................23
22' Elytral disc without fascia...........................................................................................25
23(22) Middle of pronotal disc with narrow flavotestaceous line ( Brazil) ( Fig. 158 View Figs 157-160 ) ................ ........................................................................................ Isoforma plauta OPITZ nov.sp.
23' Middle of pronotal disc entirely black........................................................................24
24(23') Humerus flavotestaceous ( French Guiana) ( Fig. 155 View Figs 153-156 )..................................................... ....................................................................................... Isoforma fritilla OPITZ nov.sp.
24' Humerus black ( French Guiana) ( Fig. 156 View Figs 153-156 ) ......................... Isoforma goryi (LAPORTE)
25(22') Pronotal disc entirely flavotestaceous ( Brazil) ( Fig. 154 View Figs 153-156 ) .............................................. ................................................................................... Isoforma biguttula OPITZ nov.sp.
25' Pronotal disc flavotestaceous at middle......................................................................26
26(25') Pronotal disc with two widely separated black lines ( Mexico) (157) ............................. ...................................................................................... Isoforma planata OPITZ nov.sp.
26' Pronotal disc with two narrowly separated black lines ( Brazil) ( Fig. 159 View Figs 157-160 ) ..................... .................................................................................... Isoforma subgilva OPITZ nov.sp.
27(21') Elytral disc without fascia, proximal half flavotestaceous, distal half black ( Panamá) ( Fig. 147 View Figs 145-148 ) ...................................................................... Artoadenus dius OPITZ nov.sp.
27' Elytral disc with fascia................................................................................................28
28(27') Pronotal disc with two widely separated black lines, flavotestaceous midelytral fascia wide ( México) ( Fig. 149 View Figs 149-152 ) .......................................... Artoadenus similus OPITZ nov.sp.
28' Pronotal disc black at middle, flavotestaceous midelytral fascia narrow ( French Guiana) (148) ............................................................. Artoadenus regina OPITZ nov.sp.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.