Archidendron F. Muell., Fragm. 5: 59. 1865.

Bruneau, Anne, de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci, Ringelberg, Jens J., Borges, Leonardo M., Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa, Brown, Gillian K., Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S., Clark, Ruth P., Conceicao, Adilva de Souza, Cota, Matheus Martins Teixeira, Demeulenaere, Else, de Stefano, Rodrigo Duno, Ebinger, John E., Ferm, Julia, Fonseca-Cortes, Andres, Gagnon, Edeline, Grether, Rosaura, Guerra, Ethiene, Haston, Elspeth, Herendeen, Patrick S., Hernandez, Hector M., Hopkins, Helen C. F., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Hughes, Colin E., Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M., Iganci, Joao, Koenen, Erik J. M., Lewis, Gwilym P., de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Lima, Alexandre Gibau, Luckow, Melissa, Marazzi, Brigitte, Maslin, Bruce R., Morales, Matias, Morim, Marli Pires, Murphy, Daniel J., O'Donnell, Shawn A., Oliveira, Filipe Gomes, Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva, Rando, Juliana Gastaldello, Ribeiro, Petala Gomes, Ribeiro, Carolina Lima, Santos, Felipe da Silva, Seigler, David S., da Silva, Guilherme Sousa, Simon, Marcelo F., Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista & Terra, Vanessa, 2024, Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification, PhytoKeys 240, pp. 1-552 : 1

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.240.101716
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D776341D-55F6-6D8B-4A8F-DD3429DB1E53
treatment provided by	PhytoKeys by Pensoft
scientific name	Archidendron F. Muell., Fragm. 5: 59. 1865.
status

Treatment

Archidendron F. Muell., Fragm. 5: 59. 1865. View in CoL

Figs 226 View Figure 226 , 227 View Figure 227 , 228 View Figure 228 , 234 View Figure 234

Pithecellobium sect. Clyplearia Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 206. 1844. Type: Pithecellobium clypearia (Jack) Benth. [≡ Inga clypearia Jack (≡ Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C. Nielsen)]

Ortholobium Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 99: 36. 1952, nom. inval. (no Latin descr.)

Cylindrokelupha Kosterm., Bull. Org. natuurw. Onderz. 20: 20. 1954. Type: Cylindrokelupha bubalina (Jack) Kosterm. [≡ Inga bubalina Jack (≡ Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielsen)]

Morolobium Kosterm., Bull. Org. natuurw. Onderz. 20: 20. 1954. Type: Morolobium monopterum (Kosterm.) Kosterm. [≡ Pithecellobium monopterum Kosterm. (≡ Archidendron monopterum (Kosterm.) I.C. Nielsen]

Paralbizzia Kosterm., Bull. Org. natuurw. Onderz. 20: 23. 1954. Type: Paralbizzia turgida (Merr.) Kosterm. [≡ Pithecellobium turgidum Merr. (≡ Archidendron turgidum (Merr.) I.C. Nielsen)]

Type.

Archidendron vaillantii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. [≡ Pithecellobium vaillantii F. Muell.]

Description.

Unarmed trees or shrubs, small to medium sized. Stipules present, sometimes glandular, or absent. Leaves bipinnate, rarely unifoliolate; pinnae 1-14 pairs; leaflets mostly opposite, rarely alternate (3 species), variable in number, shape and size; extrafloral nectaries sessile, sunken, raised or stipitate, round, boat-shaped, triangular or irregular shaped present on the rachis, additional glands present (various combinations and shapes) or absent on the pinnae. Inflorescences simple or compound in pedunculate capitula, umbels, corymbs or racemes, if compound may be arranged in cauliflorous, ramiflorous, axillary or terminal panicles; extrafloral nectaries sometimes present on floral bracts and capitula. Flowers uniform, bisexual or unisexual, 4- or 5-merous, yellow, green, white or cream; calyx gamosepalous; corolla gamopetalous; stamens numerous, united into a tube at the base and joined with the corolla in the lower part; pollen in (4, 12) 16 (32)-celled polyads; ovary 1-several per flower, sessile or stipitate. Fruits chartaceous, coriaceous, fleshy or woody, straight, curved or spirally twisted, flat to terete, sometimes internally segmented, dehiscing either along the dorsal or ventral suture, sometimes along both sutures, most often reddish outside and orange-reddish inside. Seeds may be funiculate, ellipsoid, or flattened, with a black or bluish black testa, pleurogram lacking, unwinged.

Chromosome number.

2 n = 26. Only three species [ A. clypearia , A. jiringa (Jack) I.C. Nielsen, A. turgidum ] have published chromosome numbers ( Rice et al. 2015).

Included species and geographic distribution.

Ninety-nine species described in this Indomalayan-Australasian genus and an additional 20 putative species that are poorly known due to limited collections or destroyed types. Archidendron is distributed from Kerala (southern India) and Sri Lanka in the west, to the Solomon Islands in the east; and from Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands in the north, to Australia in the south (Fig. 234 View Figure 234 ).

Ecology.

Lowland and montane tropical and subtropical rainforests.

Etymology.

According to Nielsen (1981b) the name of the genus comes from the Greek archi (= dominant, principal) and denderon (= tree), translating the remark of F. von Mueller concerning the dominance of Archidendron vaillantii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. in northern Australia. However, Cowan (1998) noted it was from the Greek arche (= beginning) and dendron (= tree) with the occurrence in several species of more than a single pistil in each flower, which can be construed as a characteristic of an earlier stage in the evolution of flowering plants.

Human uses.

The seeds of A. jiringa are eaten in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia in a dish known as “jenkol”; the young shoots are also eaten. Archidendron jiringa has also been used as timber, dye (from the pods) and the leaves (and those of A. lucidum ) have been used for traditional medicine (e.g., for the treatment of diabetes, inflammatory diseases and cancer) ( Charungchitrak et al. 2010; Shukri et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2011).

Notes.

Recent evidence from molecular phylogenies suggests that Archidendron is non-monophyletic ( Brown et al. 2022). Instead Archidendron is divided into two largely geographic clades: the Clypeariae clade sensu Brown et al. (2022) primarily distributed in western Malesia and mainland Asia, and the Archidendron s.s. clade sensu Brown et al. (2022) mostly restricted to eastern Malesia and Australia. However, resolution of the topological uncertainty between these two clades and discrete macromorphological characters to delineate them are required before nomenclatural changes can be made. Furthermore, most of the infrageneric series proposed by Nielsen et al. (1984a) are also not monophyletic ( Brown et al. 2022). In addition, more detailed taxonomic study is still required, especially for the large number of insufficiently known species and the widespread morphologically variable species, such as A. clypearia .

Taxonomic references.

Cowan (1998); Nielsen (1981a, 1984a).