Physalaemus spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 43

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583584

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640-FFDB-FFE6-BE8B-FDCCFCB7F86B

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Physalaemus spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)
status

 

Physalaemus spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)

We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Calls A and B are composed of harmonics and a single note each. Call B has two very different components. The first component is similar to call A, whereas the second one is composed of nonlinear regimes such as deterministic chaos and subharmonics.

Call A ( Fig. 14 View FIGURE 14 A–L and 13B). We examined 16 recordings, a total of 43 minutes, with ca. 800 calls from 12 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.221 to 0.492 s. The envelope of the call is highly variable ( Fig. 14A View FIGURE 14 , C–G). Often, the call rise and fall are similar in duration and vary from linear to exponential shape; there is a long regular sustain or a shallow valley connecting them ( Fig. 14A, C View FIGURE 14 ). The amplitude peak of the calls is at around the end of the first three fourths of the call duration. The envelope of the call can be elliptic ( Fig. 14D, F View FIGURE 14 ), rectangular ( Fig. 14A, C View FIGURE 14 ), or triangular ( Fig. 14E, G View FIGURE 14 ) depending on the shape of the sustain. There can be a short and deep amplitude valley at the beginning of the call ( Fig. 14G View FIGURE 14 ). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 35 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 13B View FIGURE 13 ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 380 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The wave periods are regular and the harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency of the call varies from 1120 to 1981 Hz ( Fig. 14B View FIGURE 14 ). The dominant harmonic varies from the second to the sixth, but it is usually the fourth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1100 and 1700 Hz (ca. two or three harmonics). The call usually has a general upward FM ( Fig. 14I, J, K View FIGURE 14 ), a few calls have downward FM ( Fig. 14B, H, L View FIGURE 14 ). Additionally, many calls have a rapid up-downward FM at their outset, forming arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end ( Fig. 14B, J, K, L View FIGURE 14 ). In calls with short amplitude valleys the bands have down-upward FM, synchronically to the valley ( Fig. 14L View FIGURE 14 ). Some calls showed a slight PFM ( Fig. 14I, J View FIGURE 14 ).

Call B ( Fig. 14 View FIGURE 14 M–P and 6F). We examined two recordings, a total of five minutes, with seven calls from three males. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.376 to 0.512 s. The call rise and fall are short and similar in duration; there is a long irregular sustain ( Fig. 14M, O View FIGURE 14 ). The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. Shallow amplitude valleys are present yielding secondary amplitude peaks at the beginning and end of the call. The envelope of the call is somewhat rectangular ( Fig. 14M, O View FIGURE 14 ). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has no PAM. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 6F View FIGURE 6 ). The call has two different components. The traits of the first component are similar to those of the call A, whereas in the second component, the harmonics can be not well defined due to deterministic chaos (high irregularity of the wave periods; Fig. 14N, P View FIGURE 14 ). Subharmonics are common in the second component of the call ( Fig. 14N, P View FIGURE 14 ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 290 Hz. Although the amplitude often decreases slightly at the transition between components, their limits can be unclear in oscillograms ( Fig. 14M View FIGURE 14 ). The dominant frequency of the call varies from 1163 to 1723 Hz ( Fig. 14N View FIGURE 14 ). The dominant harmonic of the second component varies from the third to the 12 th, but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth. There is a slight increase in the relative energy of the higher harmonics throughout the call ( Fig. 14N, P View FIGURE 14 ). Most of the second component’s energy is between 1200 and 2000 Hz (ca. three harmonics). The general FM is usually downward, with no additional FM at the end ( Fig. 14N, P View FIGURE 14 ). Some calls have an up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call ( Fig. 14N View FIGURE 14 ). In highly variable calls, and mainly along the second component, there can be several parts with irregular up and downward FM mirroring the AM direction ( Fig. 14N, P View FIGURE 14 ).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Amphibia

Order

Anura

Family

Leiuperidae

Genus

Physalaemus

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