Physalaemus rupestris Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 35

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640-FFD3-FFEF-BE8B-FBCEFCE8FD15

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Physalaemus rupestris Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991
status

 

Physalaemus rupestris Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991

We found two different calls, referred to as call A and B. Call B differs from call A by its longer duration and pulse- PAM with irregular silence intervals. Additionally, the envelope of call A is elliptic or triangular whereas that of call B is triangular or rectangular.

Call A ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 A–D and 4D). We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with 18 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration ranges from 0.057 to 0.149 s. The call rise is similar in duration or shorter than the fall; the call fall is gradual, whereas the call rise has an exponential shape. The amplitude peak is usually at around the end of the first sixth of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 8A, C, D View FIGURE 8 ). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 28 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 8D View FIGURE 8 ). In those calls the rate of this PAM is ca. 15 Hz, always forming two pulses. The envelope of these pulses is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually ca. 1.5 times longer than the first ( Fig. 8C View FIGURE 8 ). The call is composed of harmonics ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 ). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call. The fundamental frequency is approximately 225 Hz and this band can be present with low energy or absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1890 to 2550 Hz ( Fig. 8B View FIGURE 8 ). The dominant harmonic varies from the fifth to the 38 th harmonic, but it is usually the eighth. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1200 and 2800 Hz (ca. six harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call.

Call B ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 E–F and 6C). We examined three recordings, a total of one minute, with ca. 10 calls from one male. All these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration ranges from 1.269 to 1.727 s. Both call rise and fall are very short and abrupt. There is a long sustain in the call. Usually the amplitude decreases gradually throughout this segment, from the amplitude peak until the end of it. The amplitude peak is at the very beginning of the call duration. The slope of the sustain makes the envelope of the call triangular (pointed right; Fig. 8E View FIGURE 8 ). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 45 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (with silence intervals present between pulses; Fig. 8E, F View FIGURE 8 ). The rate of the PAM is considerably irregular with an average of ca. 19 Hz, forming ca. 30 pulses throughout the call. The envelope of the pulses is variable but it is usually elliptic with the amplitude peak at the middle of the pulse. The last pulse is usually ca. 3.5 times longer than the others. The call is composed of harmonics ( Fig. 6C View FIGURE 6 ). The harmonics are very close to each other and not very clear due to the low fundamental frequency, short pulse duration, and the lack of the wave periodicity throughout the call (deterministic chaos regimes). Audiospectrograms with relatively broad filter bandwidths (e.g., above 100 Hz) can show wave peaks, of some parts of the call with low fundamental frequencies (minimum 107 Hz; see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ), as broadband pulses (instantaneously high sound-pressure effect; see Littlejohn 2001). The fundamental frequency is around 130 Hz and it is usually absent in the audiospectrograms. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2060 to 2560 Hz ( Fig. 8F View FIGURE 8 ). The dominant harmonic varies from the seventh to the 57 th, but it is usually around the 15 th harmonic. There is no clear shift in the relative energy among the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 1700 and 4100 Hz (up to 20 harmonics). There is no clear general FM in the call but there are subtle irregular FM segments throughout the entire call ( Fig. 8F View FIGURE 8 ).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Amphibia

Order

Anura

Family

Leiuperidae

Genus

Physalaemus

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