Physalaemus atim Brasileiro & Haddad, 2015

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 59

Physalaemus atim Brasileiro & Haddad, 2015

We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a gradual downward FM throughout the call.

Call A ( Fig. 27 A–D and 24D). We examined one recording, a total of 11 seconds, with 11 calls from four males. Most of these calls were measured (see Table 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.779 to 0.995 s. The limits between the call rise, sustain and call fall are not clear ( Fig. 27A ). In calls where they are perceptible, the call rise and fall can be similar in duration with variable shape (linear, exponential, or logarithmic) or fall is shorter than rise. The sustain is irregular with short amplitude valleys ( Fig. 27A ). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope is elliptic ( Fig. 27A ), rectangular ( Fig. 27C ) or triangular (pointed left). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 33 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has an irregular slight PAM (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks). The rate of the PAM is ca. 45 Hz, forming ca. 24 peaks throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 24D ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 430 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 1980 to 2330 Hz ( Fig. 27B ). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh, but it is usually the sixth. There is a clear shift in relative energy among the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and ending at the sixth ( Fig. 27D ). Most of the call energy is between 700 and 2700 Hz (five to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM ( Fig. 27B, D ). Additionally, the calls have a subtle up-downward FM at the beginning, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call ( Fig. 27D ), and a short downward FM at the end ( Fig. 27B, D ). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no clear PFM.

Figures

FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands.

FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D).