Scorzonera s.str. clade

Zaika, Maxim A., Kilian, Norbert, Jones, Katy, Krinitsina, Anastasiya A., Nilova, Maya V., Speranskaya, Anna S. & Sukhorukov, Alexander P., 2020, Scorzonera sensu lato (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) - taxonomic reassessment in the light of new molecular phylogenetic and carpological analyses, PhytoKeys 137, pp. 1-85 : 1

Scorzonera s.str. clade

Scorzonera sect. Parviflorae Lipsch. in Bobrov & Tzvelev, Fl. URSS 29: 79. 1964 ≡ Scorzonera ser. Parviflorae Lipsch. in Bobrov & Tzvelev, Fl. URSS 29: 720. 1964 [ S. subsect. Parviflora Lipsch., Fragm. Monogr. Gen. Scorzonera 2: 112. 1939, nom. inval. (Art. 39.1, Turland et al. 2018)]. Type: Scorzonera parviflora Jacq.

= Scorzonera sect. Radiatae Nakai in Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo, ser. 1, 6: 169. 1937. Type: Scorzonera radiata Fisch. ex Ledeb.

Diagnostic features.

Inner phyllaries apically often with dark red or blackish spot; achene sclerenchyma insular in principal ribs below sclerenchyma and in secondary ribs above sclerenchyma (in S. aristata , the parenchyma is present in secondary ribs above sclerenchyma).

Description.

Habit, life form, subterranean parts: perennial or biennial herbs, often with leaf rosettes, rootstock cylindrical.

Leaves: rosulate leaves present, petiolate, cauline leaves sessile, all leaves entire, linear to elliptical or ovate, glabrous or glabrescent at maturity.

Stem, synflorescence: stems solitary or few, straight, mostly not branched, leafless (scapes) or leafy, glabrous or arachnoid-hairy becoming almost glabrous at the fruiting; capitula terminal, solitary or several.

Pollen: echinolophate, tricolporate and each colpus divided into 2 lacunae; with 6 abporal lacunae ( S. humilis and S. parviflora : Blackmore 1982; Díaz de la Guardia and Blanca 1985) or 18 (6 abporal, 6 equatorial and 6 interporal) lacunae ( S. aristata : Halbritter and Berger 2017).

Capitula: glabrous or hairy and glabrescent, phyllaries in several series, outer phyllaries triangular-ovate, inner phyllaries lanceolate to oblong, apically with dark red or blackish spot, outer phyllaries at least ½ as long as inner ones, receptacle glabrous, flat, florets more than 12, yellow or whitish, equal in length to involucre or 1½ -2 times as long.

Achenes: 7-12 mm, without carpopodium, glabrous, achene epidermis with papillae, outer achenes more or less curved, with 10 ribs, without emergences or verrucose ( S. aristata ); achene wall with parenchyma insular in principal ribs below sclerenchyma and in secondary ribs above sclerenchyma, sclerenchyma continuous, its fibres orientated parallel to the achene axis, air cavities and tannins absent.

Pappus: 11-16 mm, dirty white or rarely ice-white ( S. parviflora ), bristles plumose or apically scabrid (or 5-10 longer bristles scabrid and other bristles plumose).

Chromosome number.

x = 7, diploids.

Species.

(1) Scorzonera aristata Ramond ex DC.

(2) Scorzonera humilis L. (Fig. 16E )

(3) Scorzonera parviflora Jacq.

Distribution area.

Asia-Temperate: AF; AM; AR; CN; CY; GE; IR; KG; LB; MN; RU (Asiatic part); SY; TM; TR; UZ. Europe: AT; BE; BY; CH; CZ; DE; DK; EE; ES; FI; FR; GB; HR; IT; LT; LV; NL; NO; PL; PT; RO; RS; RU; SE; SK; SI; UA.

Scorzonera radiata Fisch. ex Ledeb. may also belong to this clade on account of its resemblance in morphological and carpological characters.

Figures

Figure 16. Images of living plants. A, B Ramaliella tortuosissima A general view B close up view of the capitula (Jordan, Nakeb, 1250 m alt., 8 May 2019). Photograph by O. Fragman-Sapir C Pseudopodospermum papposum (Jordan, Nakeb, 8 May 2019). Photograph by O. Fragman-Sapir D Takhtajaniantha austriaca (Italy, South Tyrol, Schlanders, 6 May 2010). Photograph by R. Hand E Scorzonera humilis (Germany, Ammersee, 15 May 2009). Photograph by C. Niederbichler F Scorzonera meyeri (Russia, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Teberda, 14 July 2005). Photograph by A. S. Zernov.