Cephalops, Fallen, 1810
|
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1 |
|
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F1A19245-2F3F-4F84-91BB-5B5A9FDA6236 |
|
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6595688 |
|
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C752F13C-FFDF-4840-FF4E-D328FA322EA7 |
|
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
|
scientific name |
Cephalops |
| status |
|
Key to the Neotropical species of Cephalops View in CoL View at ENA and Semicephalops
The following key is a result of modifying that of Rafael (1990) and is based mainly on male characters (except for Semicephalops pauculus which has unknown male; we consider that the characters used without male genitalia are sufficient to differentiate species). Couplets to identify genera were adapted from Skevington & Yeates (2001) and Rafael & Skevington (2009).
1 All tibiae with stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen long and narrow ( Figs 2, 6 View FIGURES 1–13 , 18, 22 View FIGURES 17–29 , 34, 38 View FIGURES 33–45 , 50, 54 View FIGURES 49–61 , 63, 67 View FIGURES 62–74 ) Cephalops Fallén, 1810 View in CoL ................................................................................ 2
- All tibiae lacking stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen broad and shortened ( Figs 79, 83 View FIGURES 78–90 , 95, 99 View FIGURES 94–106 ) Semicephalops De Meyer, 1994 View in CoL ..................................................................................... 18
2 Abdomen with conspicuous pilosity; tergite 1 with 8–12 thin and long setae laterally; scutellum with many thin and long setae dorsally and laterally (except C. amembranosus View in CoL which does not have a membranous area in the syntergosternite 8)....... 3
- Abdomen with inconspicuous pilosity (except in C. acutus View in CoL sp. nov.); tergite 1, at most, with 6 conspicuous setae laterally; scutellum with few tiny setae........................................................................... 8
3 Syntergosternite 8 with membranous area ( Figs 8 View FIGURES 1–13 , 24 View FIGURES 17–29 , 40 View FIGURES 33–45 , 56 View FIGURES 49–61 , 72 View FIGURES 62–74 , 85 View FIGURES 78–90 , 98 View FIGURES 94–106 ); sternite 6 uninflated, ending in a simple apex; phallus trifid [see figures 90, 110 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ 4
- Sintergosternite 8 without membranous area [see figures 83, 96 presented by Rafael (1990)]; sternite 6 extremely inflated, usually cheliform [see figure 95 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 84, 97, 104, 113 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................................................... 5
4 Frons black with frontal callus shiny black; hind femur without ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–4 brown pruinose at base [see figure 106 presented by Rafael (1990)]; surstyli with inner margins slightly straight [see figure 107 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigrifrons Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
- Frons gray without frontal callus; hind femur with ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–5 entirely shiny black dorsally, completely without pruinosity; surstyli with inner margins slightly sinuous [see figure 89 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................... C. callistus Hardy, 1954 View in CoL
5 Tergites 2 and 3 and eventually 4 with yellow tonalities...................................................... 6
- All tergites without yellow spots......................................................................... 7
6 All coxae predominantly yellow; meron yellow; phallic guide with a rigid lobe forward-directed, with setae ventrally and lobes laterally truncated apically [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme T-shaped [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus without subapical spicules [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................ C. ponti Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
- Fore and mid coxae black, unlike the yellow hind coxa; meron partially black anteriorly; phallic guide with lobes laterally acute apically, without setae ventrally [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped narrowed [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with tiny spicules subapically [see figure 104 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigricoxa Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
7 All coxae yellow; hind femur with yellow ventral ctenidia; scutellum with thin and long setae; postpedicel with acuminate apex; surstyli subsymmetrical [see figure 96 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................... C. limatus Hardy, 1965b View in CoL
- All coxae black; hind femur with black ventral ctenidium; scutellum with tiny setae; postpedicel with rounded apex; surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 83 presented by Rafael (1990)]............................. C. amembranosus Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
8 Postpedicel and pedicel yellow.......................................................................... 9
- Postpedicel yellow to dark brown, pedicel brown to dark brown............................................... 11
9 Notopleuron and mesopleuron brown, brown pruinose, tergites 2–4 with brown triangular spots at base and medially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with yellow spots laterodorsally ( Figs 1–2, 6 View FIGURES 1–13 ); both surstyli thickened at base, acute apically, with outer margins sinuous ( Fig. 8 View FIGURES 1–13 ); apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and distinct acute lobe dorsally ( Fig. 12 View FIGURES 1–13 ); ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped ( Fig. 13 View FIGURES 1–13 ); phallus unbranched, with two lateral membranous projections apically ( Fig. 12 View FIGURES 1–13 )....................................................................................... C. acutus View in CoL sp. nov.
- Notopleuron and mesopleuron dark brown to black, gray pruinose; tergites 2–4 brown to black with light brown bands on the distal margin ( Figs 18, 22 View FIGURES 17–29 ) or with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli thickened at base and medially, acute apically, with external margins curved [ Fig. 24 View FIGURES 17–29 , see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)]; apex of phallic guide simple without rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and without distinct acute lobe dorsally [ Figs 28 View FIGURES 17–29 , see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped [ Fig. 29 View FIGURES 17–29 , see figure 17 presented by Rafael (1996)], phallus trifid, without lateral membranous projections apically [ Fig. 28 View FIGURES 17–29 , see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]..................................... 10
10 Fore coxa yellow, mid and hind black; all femora and tibiae entirely yellow; tergites 2–5 shiny brown with light brown bands on distal margin ( Figs 18, 22 View FIGURES 17–29 ) or tergites 2–3 with shiny black spots posterolaterally (visible in certain light); both surstyli with inner margins straight and outer margins curved ( Fig. 24 View FIGURES 17–29 )............................... C. amapaensis Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
- All coxae predominantly black, all femora with apex yellow, all tibiae with bases and apices yellow; tergites 2–5 dark brown to black with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli with inside and outer margins curved [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)].................................................................. C. pedernalis Rafael, 1996
11 Pedicel light brown to dark brown; surstyli with at least one margin curved, with tips slightly inward directed ( Figs 56 View FIGURES 49–61 , 69 View FIGURES 62–74 ).. .................................................................................................. 17
- Pedicel yellow; surstyli with outer and inner margins straight, with tips downwards directed [see figure 56 presented by Rafael, 1990)] or surstyli with outer and inner margin sinuous, with tips slightly inward directed ( Fig. 40 View FIGURES 33–45 ) or surstyli with inner margin slightly sinuous or with tips slightly rounded [ Figs 31 View FIGURES 30–32 , 36 View FIGURES 33–45 presented by Rafael 1990)] or surstyli asymmetric [see figure 9 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................................................. 12
12 At least hind coxae light brown to brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated, simple and thin [see figures 44, 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................................................... 13
- At least hind coxae black; phallus bifid [see figures 11, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)] or trifid with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3 [see figures 15, 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................... 14
13 Hind coxa brown; femora with brown spot medially; tergites 2–3 opaque brown, tergites 4–5 entirely black pruinose; both surstyli thickened at base, with acute apex, left surstylus clearly shorter and thinner [see figure 56 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide without distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip acute and setae ventrally [see figure 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. villifemoralis Hardy, 1954
- All coxae light brown; femora yellow; tergites 2–5 with dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin, tergites 2–4 with light brown spots laterodorsally ( Figs 33–34, 38 View FIGURES 33–45 ); both surstyli with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward-directed ( Fig. 40 View FIGURES 33–45 ); both surstyli dorsally lobated and tips slightly downward-directed when seen in lateral view ( Figs 41–42 View FIGURES 33–45 ); right surstylus with a distinct apical lobe visible in lateral view ( Fig. 42 View FIGURES 33–45 ); apex of phallic guide with distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip slightly truncated, without setae ventrally ( Fig. 44 View FIGURES 33–45 )........................................... C. gracilis View in CoL sp. nov.
14 All coxae black; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)] or with one lobe apically [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................... 15
- Fore and mid coxa brown to black, hind coxae black; apex of phallic guide with acute tip and two rigid lobes laterally [see figures 15, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ 16
15 Tergites 2–5 brown to black, gray prinose laterally; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus bifid, one ejaculatory duct with a medial protuberance backward-directed [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. brasiliensis Hardy, 1950 View in CoL
- Tergites 2–5 with dark brown to black pruinose transverse bands at base; apex of phallic guide thickened, with one rigid lobe and a row of setae at the tip [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated, without protuberance [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................... C. nitidellus Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
16 Postpedicel with rounded apex [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–5 brown pruinose [see figure 14 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid with ejaculatory ducts short, with small spines medially [see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................... C. innitidus Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
- Postpedicel with slightly acute apex [see figure 35 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–3 sometimes with velvety dark brown to black pruinosity (best seen in anterior view); phallus bifid with ejaculatory ducts long, without spines medially [see figure 37 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................. C. nitidus Hardy, 1950a View in CoL
17 Postpedicel yellowish brown, unlike the dark brown pedicel; surstyli thickened medially, thin at bases and apically, left surstylus slightly thinner than right ( Fig. 69 View FIGURES 62–74 ); both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view ( Figs 70–71 View FIGURES 62–74 ); apex of phallic guide thin, bearing a small translucent lobe and row of thin setae ventrally ( Fig. 73 View FIGURES 62–74 ); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, shortened, truncated distally ( Fig. 74 View FIGURES 62–74 ); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened ( Fig. 73 View FIGURES 62–74 ), two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lobes laterally when seen in ventral view ( Fig. 72 View FIGURES 62–74 ).................................. C. lobatus View in CoL sp. nov.
- Postpedicel dark brown ( Fig. 51 View FIGURES 49–61 ); surstyli thickened at base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward-directed, surstyli almost equal in length ( Fig. 56 View FIGURES 49–61 ); both surstyli with margins straight, tips forward directed when seen in lateral view ( Figs 57–58 View FIGURES 49–61 ); apex of phallic guide stout, thickened at base, acute apically, without setae apically ( Fig. 60 View FIGURES 49–61 ); ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped ( Fig. 61 View FIGURES 49–61 ); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, only tips of ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled ( Fig. 60 View FIGURES 49–61 ).................................................................... C. klinsmanni View in CoL sp. nov.
18 Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown ( Fig. 80 View FIGURES 78–90 ) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel brown; femora predominantly brown, sometimes with bases and apices or only apices yellow................................................ 19
- Scape and pedicel brown or black and postpedicel yellow ( Fig. 96 View FIGURES 94–106 ) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel dark brown to black; femora predominantly yellow sometimes with brown spot medially............................................ 20
19 Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown; postpronotal lobe brown; scutum and scutellum brown to black opaque; all trochanters yellow; all femora with apices yellow; all tibia dark brown with bases and apices yellow [see figure 41 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................................................................... S. pauculus Hardy, 1954 View in CoL
- Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown yellowish ( Fig. 80 View FIGURES 78–90 ); postpronotal lobe dark brown; scutum and scutellum dark brown shiny; all trochanters dark yellow; all femora with bases and apices yellow ( Figs 78–79 View FIGURES 78–90 ); all tibiae yellow, with brown spots at distal third; apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and translucent lobe laterally ( Fig. 89 View FIGURES 78–90 ); ejaculatory apodeme needle-shaped ( Fig. 90 View FIGURES 78–90 ); phallus unbranched, with tip of ejaculatory ducts short, leaf-shaped ( Fig. 89 View FIGURES 78–90 )................................................................................................ S. folium View in CoL sp. nov.
20 All coxae brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated [see figures 49, 54 presented by Rafael (1990)].. 21
- All coxae yellow or black; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 23, 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]................ 22
21 Scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel yellow; all femora yellow, with brown spot medially; all tibiae without strong setae medially; both surstyli thickened basally, narrowing in apical direction, with tips slightly downward-directed [see figure 52 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide long, acute with higher and lower margins slightly straight, without a spine laterally [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated and tips straight [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ S. stygius Hardy, 1948 View in CoL
- Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown to black; all femora dark brown to black, with bases and apices yellow; hind tibia with strong setae medially; both surstyli equal in width, without narrowing in apical direction, both surstyli with tips inward-directed [see figure 45 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with two acute tips forward-directed and a spine laterally [see figure 47 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal third, with tips slightly spiralized [see figure 40 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................. S. penepauculus Hardy, 1965a View in CoL
22 Surstyli subsymmetrical; right surstylus slightly shorter than left [see figure 20 presented by Rafael (1990)]; syntergosternite 8 divided ventrally by a membranous area, reaching epandrium [see figure 31 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with truncated tip and two rigid lobes apically [see figure 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme mushroomshaped [see figure 34 of Rafael (1990)]............................................... S. paganus Hardy, 1965b View in CoL
- Surstyli asymmetrical, right surstylus clearly shorter than left ( Fig. 101 View FIGURES 94–106 ); syntergosternite 8 not divided ventrally by a membranous area ( Fig. 101 View FIGURES 94–106 ); apex of phallic guide with acute tip and distinct submedian lobe dorsally, backwards directed ( Fig. 105 View FIGURES 94–106 ); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, with margins somewhat straight ( Fig. 106 View FIGURES 94–106 )................. S. inpaganus Rafael, 1990 View in CoL
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.