Afrodasypoda Engel, 2005

ENGEL, MICHAEL S., 2005, Family-Group Names for Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), American Museum Novitates 3476 (1), pp. 1-34 : 16-17

Afrodasypoda Engel , new genus

TYPE SPECIES: Rhinochaetula plumipes Friese, 1912 .

DIAGNOSIS: As for the tribe (vide supra).

ETYMOLOGY: The new genus­group name is a combination of Africa and the generic name Dasypoda , type genus for the subfamily. The name is feminine.

COMMENTS: The only included species is Afrodasypoda plumipes (Friese) , new combination.

HESPERAPINA Ascher and Engel , new subtribe

TYPE GENUS: Hesperapis Cockerell, 1898 .

DIAGNOSIS: Galeal comb present, albeit weak in the American clade of Hesperapis and apomorphically reduced to about five bristles in a species of Eremaphanta (Popovapis) . Scopa largely confined to outer surface of metatibia and metabasitarsus; inner metatibial surface with longitudinal median band of keirotrichia (scopal setae dense, long, minutely barbed, present on both inner and outer surfaces of metatibia and metabasitarsus, and keirotrichia absent in Dasypoda ); metabasitibial plate present in female and nearly all males (apomorphically absent in some male Hesperapis ) (absent in Dasypodaina ). Propodeal profile nearly horizontal at base (all more or less in same plane in Dasypoda ). Male S1 with broad, transparent marginal zone with deep median cleft; lateroapical lobes of male S7 absent (present in other dasypodaines). Gonostylus usually short and broad, fully fused to gonocoxite (nearly always deeply bifid and well differentiated from gonocoxite by narrow, partly membranous area in Dasypodaina ). Larva with extreme reduction of cephalic and mouthpart structures; maxilla and labium fused; prementum and postmentum fused ( Rozen and McGinley, 1974; Rozen, 1978; however, larvae of Eremaphanta remain un­ discovered and so validity of larval traits await confirmation).

COMMENTS: Hesperapina is herein proposed for Hesperapis s.l. (i.e., sensu Michener, 2000 , including subgenera Capicola and Xeralictoides ; previously these taxa had been treated as separate genera, e.g., Michener, 1981 ) and Eremaphanta . The distribution of hesperapines is unique among bees and features remarkable disjunctions. Nearly all species occur in or near xeric or Mediterraneanclimate areas. In the Old World Eremaphanta is restricted to xeric regions of Central Asia southwest to Iran (subgenus Popovapis to Baluchistan), while Hesperapis (Capicola) and its sister subgenus Capicoloides are restricted to xeric parts of South Africa and Namibia. The remaining subgenera of Hesperapis are restricted to North America. Most species are found in seasonally dry habitats in the western United States and northwestern Mexico; the overall range extends from Oregon, North Dakota, and Illinois south to the Gulf Coast of Alabama and northwestern Florida and to Baja California Sur and Morelos, Mexico ( Michener, 2000 ). The only plausible explanation for the extreme disjunction between the three areas of hesperapine occurrence, which are not linked directly by geology, is extensive extinction of ancestral populations in intervening areas due to climatic deterioration (e.g., Engel, 2001 ). Hesperapina thus exhibits limited, relict distribution in three of Sclater’s biogeographic regions, whereas its sister group Dasypodaina is widely distributed across the Palearctic Region but absent from North America and sub­Saharan Africa.

MACROGALEINA Engel , new subtribe

TYPE GENUS: Macrogalea Cockerell, 1930b .

DIAGNOSIS: Body robust and densely setose. Male compound eyes enlarged. Jugal lobe of hind wing greatly enlarged. Female with fasciae of appressed setae on T2–5. Body of mature larva with numerous short setae (some setae hooked at apices), lacking tubercles and elongate setae of subtribe Allodapina .

COMMENTS: Species of Macrogalea are unlike those of any other allodapine genera and the segregation of the genus into its own subtribe highlights the structural as well as biological differences between it and other allodapines. This distinction is also supported by molecular studies (e.g., Schwarz et al., 2003). The subtribe occurs in Madagascar and Africa ( Ethiopia south to Namibia).

ANCYLOSCELIDINA Engel and Michener , new subtribe

TYPE GENUS: Ancyloscelis Latreille, 1829 .

DIAGNOSIS: Clypeus strongly protuberant; paraocular carina present along inner margin of compound eye; maxillary palpus with sparse, short setae; scopa on metatibia and metabasitarsus composed of elongate, coarsely plumose setae; cu­a in hind wing less than half as long as second abscissa M 1 Cu; second abscissa M 1 Cu in hind wing three­fourths as long as M; male T7 apically rounded; male hind leg greatly modified, metafemur dilated, at least twice as wide as mesofemur; male S7 with broad disc, with 2–4 small apical lobes, shorter than disc.

COMMENTS: This subtribe has been recognized in earlier studies of apine classification but the family­group name has not previously been made available. This minor nomenclatorial difficulty is corrected here.