Ursus Linnaeus 1758

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Carnivora, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 532-628 : 587

Ursus Linnaeus 1758

Ursus Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 47 .

Type Species: Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758

Synonyms: Arcticonus Pocock 1917 ; Danis J. E. Gray 1825 ; Euarctos Gray 1864 ; Mamursus Herrera 1899 ; Melanarctos Heude 1898 ; Mylarctos Lönnberg 1923 ; Myrmarctos J. E. Gray 1864 ; Selenarctos Heude 1901 ; Thalassarctos J. E. Gray 1825 ; Thalassarctus Gloger 1841 ; Thalassiarchus Kobelt 1896 ; Ursarctos Heude 1898 ; Ursulus Kretzoi 1954 ; Vetularctos Merriam 1918 .

Species and subspecies: 4 species with 39 subspecies:

Species Ursus americanus Pallas 1780

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. americanus Pallas 1780

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. altifrontalis Elliot 1903

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. amblyceps Baird 1859

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. californiensis Miller 1900

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. carlottae Osgood 1901

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. cinnamomum Audubon and Bachman 1854

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. emmonsii Dall 1895

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. eremicus Merriam 1904

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. floridanus Merriam 1896

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. hamiltoni Cameron 1957

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. kermodei Hornaday 1905

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. luteolus Griffith 1821

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. machetes Elliot 1903

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. perniger J. A. Allen 1910

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. pugnax Swarth 1911

Subspecies Ursus americanus subsp. vancouveri Hall 1928

Species Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. arctos Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. alascensis Merriam 1896

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. beringianus Middendorff 1851

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. californicus Merriam 1896

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. collaris F. G. Cuvier 1824

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. crowtheri Schinz 1844

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. dalli Merriam 1896

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. gyas Merriam 1902

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. horribilis Ord 1815

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. isabellinus Horsfield 1826

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. lasiotus Gray 1867

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. middendorffi Merriam 1896

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. pruinosus Blyth 1854

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. sitkensis Merriam 1896

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. stikeenensis Merriam 1914

Subspecies Ursus arctos subsp. syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1828

Species Ursus maritimus Phipps 1774

Species Ursus thibetanus G. Cuvier 1823

Subspecies Ursus thibetanus subsp. thibetanus G. Cuvier 1823

Subspecies Ursus thibetanus subsp. formosanus Swinhoe 1864

Subspecies Ursus thibetanus subsp. gedrosianus Blanford 1877

Subspecies Ursus thibetanus subsp. japonicus Schlegel 1857

Subspecies Ursus thibetanus subsp. laniger Pocock 1932

Subspecies Ursus thibetanus subsp. mupinensis Heude 1901

Subspecies Ursus thibetanus subsp. ussuricus Heude 1901

Discussion: The close relationship of the four species included herein has been generally recognized by morphological and molecular studies ( Goldman et al., 1989; Hendey, 1980 a; Kurtén and Anderson, 1980; Shields and Kocher, 1991). Allen (1938) proposed a close relationship between thibetanus and americanus . Thenius (1953), Goldman et al. (1989), and Shields and Kocher (1991) gave support to the monophyly of arctos with maritimus . Synonyms allocated according to McKenna and Bell (1997).