Echinocardium cordatum ( Pennant, 1777 )

Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira, 2018, Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil, Zootaxa 4529 (1), pp. 1-72 : 49-52

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B3EF69F4-7E42-4924-9A9F-FFF5D83022EB

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5971082

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4255B09-4E03-FFDE-FF55-1EDCFABAFAC6

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Echinocardium cordatum ( Pennant, 1777 )
status

 

Echinocardium cordatum ( Pennant, 1777) View in CoL

Echinus cordatus Pennant, 1777: 69 , pl. 34, fig. 75.

Spatangulus pusillus Leske, 1778: 230 , pl. 38, fig. 5.

Spatangus arcuarius Lamarck, 1816: 32 .

Echinocardium sebae Gray, 1825: 430 View in CoL .

Echinocardium pusillus Gray, 1825: 430 .

Echinocardium australe Gray, 1851: 131 View in CoL .

Echinocardium zealandicum Gray, 1851: 152 View in CoL –157.

Amphidetus kürtzii Girard, 1852: 213 View in CoL –214.

Amphidetus novaezelandiae Perrier, 1869: 176 View in CoL .

Echinocardium cordatum Mortensen, 1951: 152 View in CoL –156, pl. 28, figs 6–7.― Tommasi, 1966a: 18, figs 35–39.― Magalhães et al., 2005: 63.

Material examined. No specimens from Brazil were obtained for analysis. Complementary material: 1 spm, Gulf of Naples, Italy [EqMN315]

Description (modified from Chesher 1966 and Manso 2004). Test cordiform, rather thin, truncated, swollen at the posterior region, covered by short, slender, and vitreous spines. Apical system ethmolytic, with four gonopores. Ambulacrum III strongly sunken, with ambulacral pores arranged irregularly, becoming bigger from apical system towards oral surface. Spines from the margin of ambulacrum III larger than remaining aboral spines. Anterior petals longer than posterior petals. Subanal fasciole and inner fasciole well-developed. Three pairs of pore-bearing plates inside subanal fasciole. Peristome ventral, kidney-shaped, wider than long. Labrum short, bordered by two pairs of ambulacral plates. Amphisternous plastron swollen, covered by long, curved spines, with tips spatulate. Periproct oval on vertical truncate face, covered by plates that diminish in size from margin to center.

Pedicellariae. Ophicephalous pedicellariae more abundant around the periproct and tridentate pedicellariae distributed over entire test. Fistulate pedicellariae short, lacking a neck, with a crown of spines of variable sizes at the base of the stalk. Valves (shape similar to an Erlenmeyer flask) with proximal base long (corresponding to about a little over half the length of the valve) and broad, blade short and narrow, ending in a small oval foramen with a denticulate margin, and a large area of muscle insertion. Tridentate pedicellariae with stalk and neck short (both equal in length) and head long. Valves with proximal region short and blade long, with margin serrate.

Colour. Brown, yellowish or pinkish. Naked test white.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan ( Baker & Rowe 1990). In Tropical West Atlantic E. cordatum is only found in Brazil ( Solís-Marín et al. 2013). In Brazil from BA ( Tommasi 1966a; Magalhães et al. 2005). From depths of 0 to 230 m ( Solís-Marín et al. 2013), with densest populations occurring at depths of 40 m ( Duineveld & Jenness 1984).

Remarks. Presently 12 extant species of Echinocardium are known, only three of which occur in the West Atlantic Ocean ( E. cordatum , E. laevigaster A. Agassiz, 1869 and E. mortenseni Thiéry, 1909 ). Echinocardium cordatum differs from E. mortenseni (Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean), in the latter having an oval to circular, short inner fasciole and subanal fasciole absent. It differs from E. laevigaster (Florida and Gulf of Mexico) mainly by having a narrow, shallow ambulacrum III. The taxonomic status of E. cordatum has been the focus of heated discussion. Some authors detect strong resemblances with E. fenauxi Péquignat, 1963 ( Chenuil & Féral 2003) from the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that E. cordatum is a cryptic species complex ( Egea et al. 2016). Despite several attempts, both morphological and genetic, to resolve the taxonomy of this species (e.g. Higgins 1974; Chenuil & Féral 2003; Féral et al. 1995; Laurin et al. 1994), its status remains confused. Féral et al. (1998) analysed specimens of E. cordatum from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and did not detect genetic differentiation. Gordon (1927) and Duineveld & Jenness (1984) provide an excellent account of the ontogenetic development of E. cordatum .

Ecological notes. This species lives buried in the sediment, mostly in fine to muddy sand and mud in depths from 10 to 20 cm ( Tommasi 1966a; Chenuil & Féral 2003). It feeds on decomposing material ( Nichols 1959). According to Rolet et al. (2012), E. cordatum is the best-studied spatangoid regarding ecology and physiology, especially in New Zealand, Japan, and the Mediterranean Sea. In Brazil, the species is apparently rare, having been recorded only in estuarine habitats (Baía de Todos os Santos and Baía de Aratú) ( Magalhães et al. 2005).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Echinodermata

Class

Echinoidea

Order

Spatangoida

Family

Loveniidae

Genus

Echinocardium

Loc

Echinocardium cordatum ( Pennant, 1777 )

Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira 2018
2018
Loc

Echinocardium cordatum

Magalhaes, W. F. & Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. 2005: 63
Tommasi, L. R. 1966: 18
Mortensen, T. 1951: 152
1951
Loc

Amphidetus novaezelandiae

Perrier, E. 1869: 176
1869
Loc

Amphidetus kürtzii

Girard, J. P. 1852: 213
1852
Loc

Echinocardium australe

Gray J. E. 1851: 131
1851
Loc

Echinocardium zealandicum

Gray J. E. 1851: 152
1851
Loc

Echinocardium sebae

Gray, J. E. 1825: 430
1825
Loc

Echinocardium pusillus

Gray, J. E. 1825: 430
1825
Loc

Spatangus arcuarius

Lamarck, J. B. 1816: 32
1816
Loc

pusillus

Leske, N. G. 1778: 230
1778
Loc

Echinus cordatus

Pennant, T. 1777: 69
1777
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