Reductoonops, Platnick & Berniker, 2014

Platnick, Norman I. & Berniker, Lily, 2014, ffle Neotropical goblin spiders of the new genus Reductoonops (Araneae, Oonopidae), American Museum Novitates 2014 (3811), pp. 1-75 : 6-8

Reductoonops , new genus

TYPE SPECIES: Reductoonops yasuni , new species.

ETYMOLOGY: ffle generic name refers to the reduced size, eyes, and spinnerets, and is masculine in gender.

DIAGNOSIS: Members of this genus resemble those of Stenoonops and other members of the Stenoonops complex, but are reduced in size, have a flattened clypeus, have only four spinnerets, and lack the distinct clump of short setae on the dorsal surface of the palpal tarsus of both sexes that characterizes Stenoonops ; they often have only two eyes, and four pairs of deep channels at the sides of the sternum, the most anterior pair of which demarcate a short anterior portion of the sternum ( figs. 44 , 270 ). ffley differ from those of Xyccarph in lacking leg spines and usually in having the male palpal cymbium and bulb separate, rather than fused.

DESCRIPTION: Total length of males 0.8–1.2, of females 0.9–1.7. Carapace, sternum, mouthparts pale orange, without pattern, ventral abdominal scuta, legs yellow, without pattern, abdomen soft portions white, without pattern. Cephalothorax: Carapace piriform in dorsal view ( figs. 1 , 43 , 55 ), anteriorly narrowed to 0.49 times its maximum width or less, pars cephalica flat in lateral view, anterolateral corners with slightly sclerotized triangular projections, pars thoracica with rounded posterolateral corners, without depressions or radiating rows of pits, posterolateral edge without pits, posterior margin not bulging below posterior rim, posterolateral surface without spikes, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica usually smooth but finely reticulate in at least some sixeyed species, at least sometimes with distinct platelets ( figs. 1 , 55 ), sides finely reticulate; fovea absent, lateral margin undulate ( figs. 5 , 59 ), rebordered, without denticles; plumose setae near posterior margin of pars thoracica absent; marginal, nonmarginal pars cephalica, pars thoracica setae dark, needlelike, scattered. Clypeus margin strongly rebordered, sinuous in front view, sloping forward in lateral view ( figs. 5 , 59 ), high, ALE separated from edge of carapace by their radius or more ( figs. 4 , 58 ), median projection absent; setae dark, needlelike. Chilum absent. Eyes usually two, sometimes six or zero; when present eyes well developed, when present, ALE largest, oval, PME squared, PLE oval; when present, posterior eye row straight from both above and front, ALEPLE touching, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME touching. Sternum longer than wide, apparently fused to carapace at anterior end, surface smooth, finely reticulate, or with pits, median concavity, hair tufts absent, radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV smooth, additional radial furrow often present between endites and coxae I ( figs. 2 , 44 , 56 ), radial furrow opposite coxae III absent, sickle-shaped structures absent, anterior margin unmodified, posterior margin extending posteriorly beyond anterior edges of coxae IV as single extension, without posterior hump, anterior corner unmodified, lateral margin without infracoxal grooves, distance between coxae II and III greater than distance between coxae I and II, or coxae III and IV, extensions of precoxal triangles absent, lateral margins with three pairs of lateral projections; setae sparse, usually densest laterally but evenly spread in R. tandapi and R. hedlite , dark, needlelike, originating from surface. Chelicerae straight, anterior face unmodified; without teeth on promargin or retromargin; fangs without toothlike projections, directed medially, shape normal, without prominent basal process, tip unmodified; setae dark, needlelike, evenly scattered; paturon inner margin with short interdigitating setae, distal region abruptly narrowed ( fig. 6 , 60 ), posterior surface unmodified, promargin with row of flattened setae ( fig. 7 , 61 ), inner margin unmodified, laminate groove absent. Labium triangular, not fused to sternum, with anterior margin indented or deeply incised at middle ( fig. 8 ), same as sternum in sclerotization; with six or more setae on anterior margin, subdistal portion with unmodified setae. Endites same as sternum in sclerotization, distally not excavated, serrula apparently present in single row in females ( figs. 63, 64 ), absent in males ( fig. 10 ), anterior portion with distally fork-shaped setae ( fig. 62 ), with projecting lobes and modified setae in males ( fig. 9 ), posterior portion unmodified. Labrum with broad basal lobe bearing setae with basal spurs ( figs. 11 , 65 ). Female palp without claw or spines ( figs. 67, 68 ); tibia with three trichobothria ( fig. 66 ), patella without prolateral row of ridges, tarsus unmodified. Abdomen: Cylindrical, without long posterior extension, in females contents often shrunken (at least in preserved specimens, fig. 45 ), rounded posteriorly, interscutal membrane without rows of small sclerotized platelets; dorsum often iridescent, possibly because of scattered platelets ( figs. 3 , 45 , 57 ). Booklung covers large, ovoid, without setae, anterolateral edge unmodified; posterior spiracles connected by groove. Pedicel tube short, unmodified, scutopedicel region unmodified, abdomen not extending anterior of pedicel; plumose hairs, matted setae on anterior ventral abdomen in pedicel area, cuticular outgrowths near pedicel all absent. Dorsal scutum absent. Epigastric scutum weakly sclerotized, not surrounding pedicel, not protruding, small lateral sclerites absent, without lateral joints in females. Postepigastric scutum weakly sclerotized, yellow, short, only around epigastric furrow ( figs. 12 , 69 ), not fused to epigastric scutum, anterior margin unmodified, without posteriorly directed lateral apodemes. Spinneret scutum, supraanal scutum both absent. Abdominal setae dark, needlelike, epigastric area setae not basally thickened ( fig. 52 ); dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets absent. Colulus present. Spinnerets four, posterior median pair absent ( figs. 14 , 73 ); anterior lateral spinnerets bisegmented, basal segment with oblique membranous strip ( figs. 13 , 72 ), typically with one major ampullate gland spigot and three piriform gland spigots ( figs. 15 , 74 ), posterior lateral spinnerets bisegmented, typically with two terminal spigots ( figs. 16 , 75 ). Legs: Femora with subdistal constriction on dorsal surface, accompanied by straight row of setae ( figs. 39 , 89, 90 ); femur IV not thickened, same size as femora I–III, patellae and tibiae at least sometimes with platelets of varying shape ( figs. 40–42 , 93–96 ), patella plus tibia I shorter than carapace, tibia I unmodified; tibia IV specialized hairs on ventral apex, ventral scopula, metatarsi I, II mesoapical comb, metatarsi III, IV weak ventral scopula all absent. Leg spines absent ( figs. 91, 92 ). Tarsi without inferior claw. Superior claws scanned only in R. yasuni , those on anterior legs with three large teeth on outer margin ( figs. 21, 22 , 80, 81 ), long series of small, closely spaced teeth on inner margin of males ( figs. 17, 18 ), those teeth longer in females ( figs. 76, 77 ), posterior legs with three large teeth on outer margin ( figs. 23, 24 , 82, 83 ), without teeth on inner margin ( figs. 19, 20 , 78, 79 ). Trichobothrial base with numerous parallel grooves ( fig. 30 ). Tarsal organs with three receptors on legs I, II ( figs. 25, 26 , 84, 85 ), two receptors on legs III, IV, palps ( figs. 27–29 , 86–88 ), distalmost receptor bifid, with two lobes originating on common base. Genitalia: Male epigastric region with sperm pore not visible; furrow without Ω-shaped insertions, without specialized setae. Male palp minute, not strongly sclerotized, right and left palps mirror images, proximal segments, cymbium, bulb yellow; embolus light, prolateral excavation absent; trochanter normal size, unmodified; femur normal size, two or more times as long as trochanter, without posteriorly rounded lateral dilation, attaching to patella basally; patella shorter than femur, not enlarged, without prolateral row of ridges, setae unmodified; tibia with three trichobothria ( fig. 33 ); cymbium ovoid in dorsal view, forming cup-shaped base for palpal bulb ( figs. 31, 32 , 46–51 ), usually not fused to bulb but sometimes fused with seam obvious, sometimes fused with seam reduced (at least dorsally) to row of pores, not extending beyond distal tip of bulb, plumose setae, stout setae absent, with shortened distal setae not clumped into distinct patch ( fig. 34 ); bulb longer than cymbium, slender, elongated; embolus typically basally sinuous, bearing numerous terminal spikes ( figs. 35, 36 ), accompanied dorsally by conductor, ventrally by palpal apophysis ( figs. 37, 38 ), but spikes sometime absent, palpal apophysis and/or conductor sometimes fused with embolus, palpal apophysis sometimes absent. Female genitalia with distinct anterior process, typically bearing dorsal projections ( fig. 71 ), process set in boat-shaped structure ( figs. 53, 54 , 70 ).

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico to Chile, Galapagos Islands, Jamaica, Curaçao, Martinique.

Figures

FIGURES 43–54. Reductoonops yasuni, new species, male (43, 44, 46–51) and female (45, 52–54). 43. Carapace, dorsal view. 44. Sternum, ventral view. 45. Abdomen, ventral view. 46, 49. Palp, prolateral view. 47, 50. Same, ventral view. 48, 51. Same, retrolateral view. 52. Epigastric area, ventral view. 53. Genitalia, ventral view. 54. Same, dorsal view.

FIGURES 269–278. 269–273. Reductoonops almirante, new species, male (269) and female (270–273). 274– 278. R. escopeta, new species, female. 269, 270, 274, 275. Sternum, ventral view. 271, 276. Abdomen, ventral view. 272, 277. Genitalia, ventral view. 273, 278. Same, dorsal view.

FIGURES 1–12. Reductoonops yasuni, new species, male. 1. Carapace, dorsal view. 2. Sternum, ventral view. 3. Abdomen, dorsal view. 4. Carapace, anterior view. 5. Same, lateral view. 6. Chelicerae, anterior view. 7. Same, posterior view. 8. Labium and endites, ventral view. 9. Tip of endite, ventral view. 10. Labrum and endites, dorsal view. 11. Labrum, dorsal view. 12. Epigastric region, ventral view.

FIGURES 55–66. Reductoonops yasuni, new species, female. 55. Carapace, dorsal view. 56. Sternum, ventral view. 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 58. Carapace, anterior view. 59. Same, lateral view. 60. Chelicerae, anterior view. 61. Same, posterior view. 62. Labium and endites, ventral view. 63. Labrum and endites, dorsal view. 64. Serrula dorsal view. 65. Labrum, dorsal view. 66. Palpal tibia, dorsal view.

FIGURES 67–81. Reductoonops yasuni, new species, female. 67. Palp, prolateral view. 68. Same, retrolateral view. 69. Epigastric region, ventral view. 70. Genitalia, dorsal view. 71. Anterior genitalic process, dorsal view. 72. Spinnerets, ventral view. 73. Same, posterior view. 74. Anterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 75. Posterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 76. Claws of leg I, apical view. 77. Same, leg II. 78. Same, leg III. 79. Same, leg IV. 80. Claws of leg I, lateral view. 81. Same, leg II.

FIGURES 13–27. Reductoonops yasuni, new species, male. 13. Spinnerets, ventral view. 14. Same, posterior view. 15. Anterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 16. Posterior lateral spinneret, posterior view. 17. Claws of leg I, apical view. 18. Same, leg II. 19. Same, leg III. 20. Same, leg IV. 21. Claws of leg I, lateral view. 22. Same, leg II. 23. Same, leg III. 24. Same, leg IV. 25. Tarsal organ from leg I, dorsal view. 26. Same, leg II. 27. Same, leg III.

FIGURES 28–42. Reductoonops yasuni, new species, male. 28. Tarsal organ from leg IV, dorsal view. 29. Same, palp. 30. Trichobothrial base from metatarsus II, dorsal view. 31. Palp, prolateral view. 32. Same, retrolateral view. 33. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. 34. Palpal tarsus, dorsal view. 35. Embolus, prolateral view. 36. Same, ventral view. 37. Same, retrolateral view. 38. Same, dorsal view. 39. Femur IV, dorsal view. 40. Patella I, same. 41. Tibia I, same. 42. Tibia IV, same.

FIGURES 82–96. Reductoonops yasuni, new species, female. 82. Claws of leg III, lateral view. 83. Same, leg IV. 84. Tarsal organ from leg I, dorsal view. 85. Same, leg II. 86. Same, leg III. 87. Same, leg IV. 88. Same, palp. 89. Femur I, dorsal view. 90. Same, femur IV. 91. Tibia and metatarsus I, ventral view. 92. Same, leg IV. 93. Patella I, dorsal view. 94. Same, patella IV. 95. Tibia I, dorsal view. 96. Same, tibia IV.