Hippasteria pedicellaris, DJAKONOV, 1950

Mah, Christopher, Nizinski, Martha & Lundsten, Lonny, 2010, Phylogenetic revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): systematics of deep sea corallivores, including one new genus and three new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (2), pp. 266-301 : 287

HIPPASTERIA PEDICELLARIS DJAKONOV, 1950

Djakonov, 1950: 1950: 54 (1968: 45); 1952: 410.

Occurrence: Okhotsk Sea. At ‘inconsiderable depths and above-zero water temperatures’ according to Djakonov (1968: 46).

Comments: Characteristics used to distinguish this species include two to three adambulacral spines, one subambulacral spine with a flattened pedicellariae, and close-set granules on the abactinal plates. However, these characters are also observed in H. spinosa suggesting that this species may also be a synonym or part of the H. spinosa species complex.

Material examined: None.

HIPPASTERIA PHRYGIANA (PARELIUS, 1768) HIPPASTERIA PHRYGIANA PHRYGIANA (PARELIUS, 1768)

FIGURE 6A–D

Linck, 1733: 21 (as Pentaceros planus )

Parelius, 1768: 425 [1770: 349] (as Asterias phrygiana )

Lamarck, 1816: 555 [non A. equestris Retzius, 1805 ] (as Asterias equestris )

Gray in Johnston, 1836: 146 (as Asterias johnstoni )

Gray, 1840: 279, 1866: 9 (as Hippasteria europaea , H. johnstoni , H. cornuta )

Gray, 1840: 279; 1866: 9; Perrier, 1875: 270 [1876: 65], Danielssen & Koren, 1881: 268; Sladen, 1883: 159; Perrier, 1888: 764; Sladen, 1889: 341; Koehler, 1909: 88, 1924: 179 (as Hippasteria plana )

Forbes, 1841: 125 (as Goniaster equestris )

Müller & Troschel, 1842: 52; Duben & Koren, 1846: 246 (as Astrogonium phrygianum )

Forbes, 1843: 280 (as Goniaster abbensis )

Barrett, 1857: 47 (as Astrogonium aculeatum )

Norman, 1865: 128 (as Goniaster phrygiana )

Dons, 1937: 17 (as Hippasteria [Euhippasteria] phrygiana and Hippasteria [Nehippasteria] insignis )

Perrier, 1891: K128; A.M. Koehler, 1926: 107; Clark, 1962: 22 (as Hippasteria hyadesi )

Verrill, 1874: 413; 1885: 542, Ganong, 1893: 56; Grieg, 1895: 6; Verrill, 1895: 137, 1899: 148; Döderlein, 1900: 218; Hartlaub, 1900: 191; Ludwig, 1900: 457; Whiteaves, 1901: 50; Grieg, 1902: 21; Pearcey, 1902: 308; Simpson, 1903: 40; H.L. Clark, 1905: 1; Grieg, 1905: 4; Nordgaard, 1905: 160, 235; Grieg, 1907: 28, 32; Sussbach & Breckner, 1911: 215; Grieg, 1912: 6; 1913: 115; 1917: 8; 1921: 6; H.L. Clark, 1923: 270; Mortensen, 1927: 88, 1933: 245; Haubold, 1933: 200; A.H. Clark, 1949: 373; Djakonov, 1950 (tr. in 1968): 53; Blacker, 1957: 18, 45; Buchanan, 1966: 25; Wolff, 1968: 82, Walker, 1978: 361; Codoceo & Andrade 1978: 156; Franz, Worley & Merrill, 1981: 406, 415; O’Connor & Tyndall, 1986: 96; Moore et al., 2004: 246 (as Hippasteria phrygiana )

Fell, 1958: 11, pl. 1, figs A, G; 1959: 136, fig. 21; 1960: 61, pls. 2, 3; 1962: 33; McKnight, 1967: 300; H.E.S. Clark, 1970: 3; A.M. Clark, 1993: 259; Rowe & Gates, 1995: 65; Koslow & Gowlett-Holmes, 1998: 44 (as Hippasteria trojana )

Occurrence: Arctic, North Atlantic: South to Cape Cod in the west, including Bear Seamount. To the Kattegat, northern Scotland, and northernmost Ireland in the east. Norwegian coast south to the Kattegat, south-western part of the Barents Sea, Kola Bay. South Pacific: Chile to Magellan Strait to the Marion and Prince Edward Island region to Chatham Island, east of New Zealand, Campbell Plateau, seamounts off southern Tasmania. Southern Ocean: Lavoisier Island, Antarctic Peninsula.

Depth is highly variable: 20–1275 m and varies by region. Most records for New Zealand are over 500 m.

Comments: Southern hemisphere Hippasteria species have been scrutinized since the early 20 th century (e.g. Koehler, 1926, Clark, 1962) because of their strong morphological similarities with the northern Atlantic Hippasteria phrygiana . The New Zealand –South Pacific H. trojana was synonymized with H. phrygiana by H.E.S. Clark in Clark & McKnight (2001).

The sub-Antarctic Hippasteria hyadesi was synonymized with H. plana (= H. phyrgiana ) by Koehler (1926) but was thought to have had an incorrectly identified type locality by Clark (1962). Stampanato & Jangoux (2004) and Branch et al. (1993) regarded H. hyadesi as a valid species. However, examination of the specimens in the USNM collections from the South Pacific and Antarctic Peninsula (near the type locality) shows few to no morphological distinctions, suggesting that the original conclusion made by Koehler (1926) was correct. Magellanic-Antarctic forms of Hippasteria phrygiana may eventually be supported as cryptic species distinct from those in the northern hemisphere but based on specimens available for study, external morphology has limited usefulness and other characters will need to be considered.

Material examined: North Atlantic : USNM E 46610 , Browns Bank , Nova Scotia, 42°34′N, 65°44′W, 93 m, coll. R / V Albatross IV, 15.x.1965 (1 dry spec. R = 7.3, r = 3.5); USNM E46606 , south-east of Cape Elizabeth , Gulf of Maine, Maine. 43°31′N, 69°49′W, 97 m. Coll. R / V Albatross IV, 14.vii.1965 (1 dry spec. R = 6.2, r = 3.7). USNM 5236 off Eastern Point , Gloucester Harbor, Massachusetts. 42°30′N, 70°38′W, 78.6 m (43 fms). Coll. R / V Speedwell (1 spec. R = 9.2, r = 5.0). USNM E 46611 Browns Bank , Nova Scotia, Canada. 42°45′N, 65°7′W. 97.0 m. Coll. R / V Albatross IV, 15.x.1965 (1 dry spec. R = 1.7, r = 1.0). USNM E46613 western part of Georges Bank , Massachusetts. 41°24′N, 68°25′W, 68 m. Coll. R / V Albatross IV, 28.x.1965 (1 dry spec. R = 2.2, r = 1.7). South Pacific : USNM E13586 , north-west of Amundsen Sea , Southeast Pacific Basin. 54°49′S, 129°48′W, 549 m. Coll. R / V Eltanin. (3 dry specs. R = 3.5, r = 2.0; R = 8.2, r = 4.6; R = 9.56, r = 5.1). USNM 1121154 . Magallanes y Antartica, Chile. 53°39′S, 70°55′W, 82 m. Coll. R / V Hero. (1 dry spec. R = ~7.8, r = 4.6). Southern Ocean. USNM E43921 , Lavoisier Island , Biscoe Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. 66°20’S, 67°47′W, 325 m. Coll. J. Tyler, 25.iii.1959. (1 dry spec. R = 6.7, r = 3.1). USNM 1082740 . 67°23’S to 67°24’S, 180°00′W to 179°58′W, 595– 516 m. Coll. R / V Eltanin. (2 dry specs. R = 9.2, r = 4.0; R = ~11.0, r = 5.5) .

Figures

Figure 6. Evoplosoma scorpio USNM E23623. A, abactinal surface of disk and arms; B, actinal surface proximal to mouth; C, furrow spines and pedicellariae. USNM E50539; D, actinal intermediate surface region, showing adambulacral and furrow spination; E, adambulacral and furrow spination along actinal arm surface. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B–E = 2 mm.