Chiroptera, Blumenbach, 1779

Huang, Joe Chun-Chia, Jazdzyk, Elly Lestari, Nusalawo, Meyner, Maryanto, Ibnu, Maharadatunkamsi, Wiantoro, Sigit & Kingston, Tigga, 2014, A recent bat survey reveals Bukit Barisan Selatan Landscape as a chiropteran diversity hotspot in Sumatra, Acta Chiropterologica 16 (2), pp. 413-449 : 444

i. Key to families of Chiroptera (* denotes records in Sumatra but not in Bukit Barisan Selatan Landscape (BBSL))

1.1. Dog-like face; 2nd finger with claw (except genus Eonycteris ); ear simple without tragus or antitragus, margin of ear forming ring............................................................................... Pteropodidae (ii)

1.2. Face not dog-like; 2nd finger without claw; ear complex with tragus inside or antitragus on the margin............... 2

2.1. Face complicated, with leaf-like structure or grooves on face................................................ 3

2.2. Face simple........................................................................................ 6

3.1. Ear with antitragus.................................................................................. 4

3.2. Ear with tragus..................................................................................... 5

4.1. Intermediate noseleaf has a projection (sella) between nostrils; posterior noseleaf (lancet) more or less triangular; upper edge of antitragus rounded or flat............................................................. Rhinolophidae (iii)

4.2. Intermediate noseleaf without a sella; posterior noseleaf generally flat; upper edge of antitragus pointed posteriorly (rounded in genus Coelops *).................................................................... Hipposideridae (iv)

5.1. Tragus long and bifurcate; without grooves on face; tail not visible externally; interfemoral membrane reduced; ears joined across the top of head................................................................. Megadermatidae (v)

5.2. Tragus short and not bifurcated; groove runs down the center of the face, from between eyes to the nostrils; tail long, last caudal vertebra V or T shaped; interfemoral membrane large; ears not joined across head............... Nycteridae (vi)

6.1. Tail completely or almost fully enclosed within interfemoral membrane........................................ 7

6.2. Terminal part of tail protruding out of interfemoral membrane................................................ 8

7.1. Length of 1st phalange of 3rd finger <40% of 2nd phalange; ear tip lower than the tip of hair on head or near so........................................................................................... Miniopteridae (vii)

7.2. Length of 1st phalange of 3rd finger is about equal to 2nd phalange; ear tip exceed or close to the tip of hair on head...................................................................................... Vespertilionidae (viii)

8.1. Tail protrudes from the dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane; 2nd finger without phalanges...... Emballonuridae (ix)

8.2. Free part of tail projects far from the free edge of interfemoral membrane; 2nd finger with phalange(s)............... 9

9.1. Tail thick, shorter than body length (from head to anus), about half of the tail free from interfemoral membrane; 2nd finger only has one reduced phalange.............................................................. Molossidae (x)

9.2. Tail whip-like, longer than body, most part of the tail free from interfemoral membrane; 2nd finger has two phalanges........................................................................ Rhinopomatidae * (xi)